{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T23:30:51Z","timestamp":1791415851240,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"27","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Mitochondrial genomes generally encode a minimal set of tRNAs necessary for protein synthesis. However, a number of eukaryotes import tRNAs from the cytoplasm into their mitochondria. For instance,\n                    <jats:italic>Saccharomyces cerevisiae<\/jats:italic>\n                    imports cytoplasmic tRNA\n                    <jats:sup>Gln<\/jats:sup>\n                    into the mitochondrion without any added protein factors. Here, we examine the existence of a similar active tRNA import system in mammalian mitochondria. We have used subcellular RNA fractions from rat liver and human cells to perform RT-PCR with oligonucleotide primers specific for nucleus-encoded tRNA\n                    <jats:sub arrange=\"stack\">CUG<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup arrange=\"stack\">Gln<\/jats:sup>\n                    and tRNA\n                    <jats:sub arrange=\"stack\">UUG<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup arrange=\"stack\">Gln<\/jats:sup>\n                    species, and we show that these tRNAs are present in rat and human mitochondria\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Import of\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    transcribed tRNAs, but not of heterologous RNAs, into isolated mitochondria also demonstrates that this process is tRNA-specific and does not require the addition of cytosolic factors. Although this\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    system requires ATP, it is resistant to inhibitors of the mitochondrial electrochemical gradient, a key component of protein import. tRNA\n                    <jats:sup>Gln<\/jats:sup>\n                    import into mammalian mitochondria proceeds by a mechanism distinct from protein import. We also show that both tRNA\n                    <jats:sup>Gln<\/jats:sup>\n                    species and a bacterial pre-tRNA\n                    <jats:sup>Asp<\/jats:sup>\n                    can be imported\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    into mitochondria isolated from myoclonic epilepsy with ragged-red fiber cells if provided with sufficient ATP (2 mM). This work suggests that tRNA import is more widespread than previously thought and may be a universal trait of mitochondria. Mutations in mitochondrial tRNA genes have been associated with human disease; the tRNA import system described here could possibly be exploited for the manipulation of defective mitochondria.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0804283105","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,27]],"date-time":"2008-06-27T21:23:48Z","timestamp":1214601828000},"page":"9186-9191","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":151,"title":["Mammalian mitochondria have the innate ability to import tRNAs by a mechanism distinct from protein import"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"105","author":[{"given":"Mary Anne T.","family":"Rubio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"*Department of Microbiology,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jesse J.","family":"Rinehart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bethany","family":"Krett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"St\u00e9phane","family":"Duvezin-Caubet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Butenandtstrasse 5, 81377 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas S.","family":"Reichert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Butenandtstrasse 5, 81377 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dieter","family":"S\u00f6ll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, and"},{"name":"**Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan D.","family":"Alfonzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*Department of Microbiology,"},{"name":"Ohio State RNA Group, and"},{"name":"Ohio State Biochemistry Program, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210-1292;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/BST0351290"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-9525(01)02439-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0962-8924(00)01854-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00861a025"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.embor.7400989"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/cc.6.20.4783"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00588a021"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.1269305"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1995.tb07352.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.385706"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddh267"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1129754"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gki012"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2006.11.046"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-679X(01)65002-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M007838200"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.23.11.4000-4012.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/22.16.3381"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.19.9.6253"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.289.5486.1931"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355838200991519"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/18.24.7056"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-9084(96)84756-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/27.9.2037"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M006558200"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0076-6879(79)55061-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.1040890414"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-2728(75)90106-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.biochem.76.052705.163409"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-003-2343-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.270.21.12885"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.77.6.3159"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkn015"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2007.04.019"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(87)90021-2"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.0804283105","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,12]],"date-time":"2022-04-12T17:36:04Z","timestamp":1649784964000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/full\/10.1073\/pnas.0804283105"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,8]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"27","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.0804283105"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0804283105","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2008-03-30","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2008-07-08","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}