{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T05:41:07Z","timestamp":1791178867299,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"37","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Cardioviruses comprise a genus of picornaviruses that cause severe illnesses in rodents, but little is known about the prevalence, diversity, or spectrum of disease of such agents among humans. A single cardiovirus isolate, Saffold virus, was cultured in 1981 in stool from an infant with fever. Here, we describe the identification of a group of human cardioviruses that have been cloned directly from patient specimens, the first of which was detected using a pan-viral microarray in respiratory secretions from a child with influenza-like illness. Phylogenetic analysis of the nearly complete viral genome (7961 bp) revealed that this virus belongs to the Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) subgroup of cardioviruses and is most closely related to Saffold virus. Subsequent screening by RT-PCR of 719 additional respiratory specimens [637 (89%) from patients with acute respiratory illness] and 400 cerebrospinal fluid specimens from patients with neurological disease (aseptic meningitis, encephalitis, and multiple sclerosis) revealed no evidence of cardiovirus infection. However, screening of 751 stool specimens from 498 individuals in a gastroenteritis cohort resulted in the detection of 6 additional cardioviruses (1.2%). Although all 8 human cardioviruses (including Saffold virus) clustered together by phylogenetic analysis, significant sequence diversity was observed in the VP1 gene (66.9%\u2013100% pairwise amino acid identities). These findings suggest that there exists a diverse group of novel human Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus-like cardioviruses that hitherto have gone largely undetected, are found primarily in the gastrointestinal tract, can be shed asymptomatically, and have potential links to enteric and extraintestinal disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0805968105","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,3]],"date-time":"2008-09-03T20:53:59Z","timestamp":1220475239000},"page":"14124-14129","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":144,"title":["Identification of cardioviruses related to Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus in human infections"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"105","author":[{"given":"Charles Y.","family":"Chiu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics,"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander L.","family":"Greninger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kimberly","family":"Kanada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Kwok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kael F.","family":"Fischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Runckel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janice K.","family":"Louie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viral and Rickettsial Disease Laboratory, California Department of Health Services, 850 Marina Bay Parkway, Richmond, CA 94804; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carol A.","family":"Glaser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, and"},{"name":"Viral and Rickettsial Disease Laboratory, California Department of Health Services, 850 Marina Bay Parkway, Richmond, CA 94804; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shigeo","family":"Yagi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viral and Rickettsial Disease Laboratory, California Department of Health Services, 850 Marina Bay Parkway, Richmond, CA 94804; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David P.","family":"Schnurr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viral and Rickettsial Disease Laboratory, California Department of Health Services, 850 Marina Bay Parkway, Richmond, CA 94804; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tom D.","family":"Haggerty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, S-169, Stanford, CA 94305"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Parsonnet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, S-169, Stanford, CA 94305"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Don","family":"Ganem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology,"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, and"},{"name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, 1700 4th Street, Box 2542, San Francisco, CA 94143;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph L.","family":"DeRisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics,"},{"name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, 1700 4th Street, Box 2542, San Francisco, CA 94143;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.59.030804.121242"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","first-page":"191","article-title":"Genetic analysis of a Theiler-like virus isolated from rats","volume":"53","author":"Ohsawa K","year":"2003","unstructured":"K Ohsawa, Y Watanabe, H Miyata, H Sato, Genetic analysis of a Theiler-like virus isolated from rats. 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