{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T21:44:05Z","timestamp":1790718245185,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"38","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,23]]},"abstract":"\n The human fungal pathogen\n Histoplasma capsulatum<\/jats:italic>\n grows in a sporulating filamentous form in the soil and, after inhalation of infectious spores, converts to a pathogenic yeast form inside host macrophages in response to temperature. Here we report the identification of two genes (\n RYP2<\/jats:italic>\n and\n RYP3<\/jats:italic>\n )\n r<\/jats:italic>\n equired for\n y<\/jats:italic>\n east-\n p<\/jats:italic>\n hase growth. Ryp2 and Ryp3 are homologous to each other and to the Velvet A family of regulatory proteins in\n Aspergillus<\/jats:italic>\n species and other filamentous fungi. Wild-type\n H. capsulatum<\/jats:italic>\n grows as filaments at room temperature and as yeast cells at 37\u00b0C, but\n ryp2<\/jats:italic>\n and\n ryp3<\/jats:italic>\n mutants constitutively grow as filaments independent of temperature.\n RYP2<\/jats:italic>\n and\n RYP3<\/jats:italic>\n transcripts accumulate to higher levels at 37\u00b0C than at room temperature. This differential expression is similar to the previously identified\n RYP1<\/jats:italic>\n transcript, which encodes a transcriptional regulator required for the yeast-phase expression program. Ryp1 associates with the upstream region of\n RYP2<\/jats:italic>\n , and each of the three\n RYP<\/jats:italic>\n genes is required for the differential expression of the others at 37\u00b0C. In addition to responding to the elevated temperature of the mammalian host,\n RYP2<\/jats:italic>\n and\n RYP3<\/jats:italic>\n are essential for viable spore production and regulation of sporulation at room temperature. This regulatory function is strikingly similar to the role of the\n Aspergillus<\/jats:italic>\n Velvet A protein family in spore development in response to light, with the notable distinction that the\n H. capsulatum<\/jats:italic>\n circuit responds to temperature.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0806221105","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,12]],"date-time":"2008-09-12T20:53:54Z","timestamp":1221252834000},"page":"14573-14578","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":119,"title":["Conserved factors Ryp2 and Ryp3 control cell morphology and infectious spore formation in the fungal pathogen\n Histoplasma capsulatum<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"105","author":[{"given":"Rachael Hanby","family":"Webster","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0414"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anita","family":"Sil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0414"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2008.05.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2008.03.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3001938"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1124105"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0710448105"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1087-1845(02)00029-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0000970"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2007.06.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00129-07"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2006.05447.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.1.6.895-905.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1155888"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0605138103"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0050256"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.78.1.69-78.1959"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.83.1.149-157.1962"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(03)00885-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1152398"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.00183-06"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/443401a"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.0010039"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.0040007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.00308-07"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.1.5.420-424.1975"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.177.4046.368.b"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02681218880000211"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2006.05436.x"}],"container-title":["Proceedings 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