{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T11:43:49Z","timestamp":1791027829705,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"36","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>H5N1 influenza viruses have spread extensively among wild birds and domestic poultry. Cross-species transmission of these viruses to humans has been documented in over 380 cases, with a mortality rate of \u224860%. There is great concern that a H5N1 virus would acquire the ability to spread efficiently between humans, thereby becoming a pandemic threat. An H5N1 influenza vaccine must, therefore, be an integral part of any pandemic preparedness plan. However, traditional methods of making influenza vaccines have yet to produce a candidate that could induce potently neutralizing antibodies against divergent strains of H5N1 influenza viruses. To address this need, we generated a consensus H5N1 hemagglutinin (HA) sequence based on data available in early 2006. This sequence was then optimized for protein expression before being inserted into a DNA plasmid (pCHA5). Immunizing mice with pCHA5, delivered intramuscularly via electroporation, elicited antibodies that neutralized a panel of virions that have been pseudotyped with the HA from various H5N1 viruses (clades 1, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3.2, and 2.3.4). Moreover, immunization with pCHA5 in mice conferred complete (clades 1 and 2.2) or significant (clade 2.1) protection from H5N1 virus challenges. We conclude that this vaccine, based on a consensus HA, could induce broad protection against divergent H5N1 influenza viruses and thus warrants further study.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0806901105","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,2]],"date-time":"2008-09-02T21:37:12Z","timestamp":1220391432000},"page":"13538-13543","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":134,"title":["A consensus\u2013hemagglutinin-based DNA vaccine that protects mice against divergent H5N1 influenza viruses"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"105","author":[{"given":"Ming-Wei","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"*Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan;"},{"name":"Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ting-Jen Rachel","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaoxing","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10016; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia-Tsrong","family":"Jan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiou-Hwa","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alice L.","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chi-Huey","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David D.","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan;"},{"name":"Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10016; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02746"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa044021"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra052211"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1122818"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp058068"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/507309"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/514173"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.172393399"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2005.04.039"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa073121"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03079450600597956"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2006.05.039"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)68656-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(00)00395-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.80.4.1959-1964.2006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)68076-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0607564103"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2007.01.063"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1517\/14712598.7.11.1647"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.13.3.395-402.2006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)14854-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","unstructured":"Antigenic and genetic characteristics of H5N1 viruses and candidate H5N1 vaccine viruses developed for potential use as human vaccines. 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