{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T21:45:34Z","timestamp":1791927934581,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"13","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The evolution from outcrossing to predominant self-fertilization represents one of the most common transitions in flowering plant evolution. This shift in mating system is almost universally associated with the \u201cselfing syndrome,\u201d characterized by marked reduction in flower size and a breakdown of the morphological and genetic mechanisms that prevent self-fertilization. In general, the timescale in which these transitions occur, and the evolutionary dynamics associated with the evolution of the selfing syndrome are poorly known. We investigated the origin and evolution of selfing in the annual plant\n                    <jats:italic>Capsella rubella<\/jats:italic>\n                    from its self-incompatible, outcrossing progenitor\n                    <jats:italic>Capsella grandiflora<\/jats:italic>\n                    by characterizing multilocus patterns of DNA sequence variation at nuclear genes. We estimate that the transition to selfing and subsequent geographic expansion have taken place during the past 20,000 years. This transition was probably associated with a shift from stable equilibrium toward a near-complete population bottleneck causing a major reduction in effective population size. The timing and severe founder event support the hypothesis that selfing was favored during colonization as new habitats emerged after the last glaciation and the expansion of agriculture. These results suggest that natural selection for reproductive assurance can lead to major morphological evolution and speciation on relatively short evolutionary timescales.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0807679106","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,19]],"date-time":"2009-02-19T21:39:48Z","timestamp":1235079588000},"page":"5241-5245","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":244,"title":["Recent speciation associated with the evolution of selfing in\n                    <i>Capsella<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"106","author":[{"given":"John Paul","family":"Foxe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON, Canada M3J 1P3;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tanja","family":"Slotte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON, Canada M3J 1P3;"},{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3B2;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eli A.","family":"Stahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, North Dartmouth, MA 07247; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Neuffer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e4t Osnabr\u00fcck, Fachbereich Biologie\/Chemie, Spezielle Botanik, Barbarastrasse 11, D-49076 Osnabr\u00fcck, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Herbert","family":"Hurka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e4t Osnabr\u00fcck, Fachbereich Biologie\/Chemie, Spezielle Botanik, Barbarastrasse 11, D-49076 Osnabr\u00fcck, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen I.","family":"Wright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON, Canada M3J 1P3;"},{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3B2;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2006.07.068"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7312\/steb94536"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg776"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-1809.1941.tb02272.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.110800"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.es.18.110187.001321"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.molbev.a026248"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1143153"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1996.0111"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00563019"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00987954"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.hdy.6800854"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3732\/ajb.92.4.761"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-437X(00)00254-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/523366"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/123.3.585"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msi035"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/155.2.945"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.6409707"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s003820000095"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400853113"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","volume-title":"Prehistoric Farming in Europe","author":"Baker G","year":"1985","unstructured":"G Baker Prehistoric Farming in Europe (Cambridge Univ Press, Cambridge, UK, 1985)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0030410"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","first-page":"347","article-title":"Self-compatibility and establishment after long-distance dispersal","volume":"9","author":"Baker HG","year":"1955","unstructured":"HG Baker, Self-compatibility and establishment after long-distance dispersal. 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