{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T01:31:54Z","timestamp":1792632714107,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,20]],"date-time":"2009-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1248048000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":181,"URL":"http:\/\/www.pnas.org\/site\/misc\/userlicense.xhtml"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We used retrograde transneuronal transport of rabies virus from single muscles of rhesus monkeys to identify cortico-motoneuronal (CM) cells in the primary motor cortex (M1) that make monosynaptic connections with motoneurons innervating shoulder, elbow, and finger muscles. We found that M1 has 2 subdivisions. A rostral region lacks CM cells and represents an \u201cold\u201d M1 that is the standard for many mammals. The descending commands mediated by corticospinal efferents from old M1 must use the integrative mechanisms of the spinal cord to generate motoneuron activity and motor output. In contrast, a caudal region of M1 contains shoulder, elbow, and finger CM cells. This region represents a \u201cnew\u201d M1 that is present only in some higher primates and humans. The direct access to motoneurons afforded by CM cells enables the newly recognized M1 to bypass spinal cord mechanisms and sculpt novel patterns of motor output that are essential for highly skilled movements.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0808362106","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,12]],"date-time":"2009-01-12T21:11:05Z","timestamp":1231794665000},"page":"918-923","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":567,"title":["Subdivisions of primary motor cortex based on cortico-motoneuronal cells"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"106","author":[{"given":"Jean-Alban","family":"Rathelot","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology, Center for Neural Basis of Cognition and Systems Neuroscience Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter L.","family":"Strick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15240; and"},{"name":"Department of Neurobiology, Center for Neural Basis of Cognition and Systems Neuroscience Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","first-page":"428","volume-title":"Corticospinal Function and Voluntary Movement","author":"Porter R","year":"1993","unstructured":"R Porter, RN Lemon Corticospinal Function and Voluntary Movement (Clarendon, Oxford), pp. 428 (1993)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0602933103"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1978.41.5.1120"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","first-page":"2784","article-title":"Consistent features in the forelimb representation of primary motor cortex in rhesus macaques","volume":"21","author":"Park MC","year":"2001","unstructured":"MC Park, A Belhaj-Sa\u00eff, M Gordon, PD Cheney, Consistent features in the forelimb representation of primary motor cortex in rhesus macaques. J Neurophysiol 21, 2784\u20132792 (2001).","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","first-page":"288","volume-title":"Physiology of the Nervous System","author":"Lorente de N\u00f2 R","year":"1949","unstructured":"R Lorente de N\u00f2 Physiology of the Nervous System, ed JF Fulton (Oxford Univ Press, 3rd Ed, London), pp. 288\u2013330 (1949).","edition":"3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1096-9861(20000717)423:1<52::AID-CNE5>3.0.CO;2-F"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn2049"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.11-03-00667.1991"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902250109"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.13-03-00952.1993"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(70)90272-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","first-page":"597","volume-title":"The Nervous System II","author":"Kuypers HGJM","year":"1981","unstructured":"HGJM Kuypers The Nervous System II, eds JM Brookhart, VB Mountcastle (Am Physiol Soc, Bethesda), pp. 597\u2013666, Handbook of Physiology. (1981)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.13-12-05105.1993"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02693700"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7036.101.2.159"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.1350150306"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1997.78.2.721"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.2000.84.2.698"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902770105"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1985.53.3.786"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.2000.83.1.99"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.17-01-00251.1997"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.17-01-00267.1997"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/99.2.235"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902000404"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00238155"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00228094"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1982.48.1.139"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/382805a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.2002.88.1.514"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1981.45.3.467"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/124.1.176"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00989.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.285.5436.2136"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0270(00)00296-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-23-08432.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/26.1.413864"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.0808362106","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,23]],"date-time":"2022-05-23T17:06:36Z","timestamp":1653325596000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/full\/10.1073\/pnas.0808362106"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,20]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,20]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.0808362106"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0808362106","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.1147126.620783","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.1147126.604254","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2008-08-22","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2009-01-20","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}