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We conducted a comprehensive compositional analysis of CA\/PC to gain insight into their biogenesis. Infrared spectroscopy analysis of calculi collected from 23 patients confirmed a prevalence of calcium phosphate in the form of hydroxyapatite. This result sets PC apart from most urinary stones, which largely are composed of calcium oxalate. Tandem mass spectrometry-based proteomic analysis of CA\/PC revealed that lactoferrin is the predominant protein component, a result that was confirmed by Western blot analysis. Other proteins identified, including calprotectin, myeloperoxidase, and \u03b1-defensins, are proteins contained in neutrophil granules. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) suggested the source of lactoferrin to be prostate-infiltrating neutrophils as well as inflamed prostate epithelium; however, IHC for calprotectin suggested prostate-infiltrating neutrophils as a major source of the protein, because it was absent from other prostate compartments. This study represents a definitive analysis of the protein composition of prostatic CA and calculi and suggests that acute inflammation has a role in their biogenesis\u2014an intriguing finding, given the prevalence of CA in prostatectomy specimens and the hypothesized role for inflammation in prostate carcinogenesis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0810473106","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,7]],"date-time":"2009-02-07T04:03:42Z","timestamp":1233979422000},"page":"3443-3448","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":123,"title":["Acute inflammatory proteins constitute the organic matrix of prostatic corpora amylacea and calculi in men with prostate cancer"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"106","author":[{"given":"Karen S.","family":"Sfanos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brice A.","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences,"},{"name":"Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angelo M.","family":"De Marzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology,"},{"name":"Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, and"},{"name":"Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William B.","family":"Isaacs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences,"},{"name":"Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, and"},{"name":"Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","volume-title":"The Diseases of the Prostate: Their Pathology and Treatment","author":"Thompson SH","year":"1883","unstructured":"SH Thompson The Diseases of the Prostate: Their Pathology and Treatment (J. & A. 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