{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T19:15:45Z","timestamp":1791400545229,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"50","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n                    is the etiologic agent of Lyme disease, a multisystem inflammatory disorder that principally targets the skin, joints, heart, and nervous system. The role of T lymphocytes in the development of chronic inflammation resulting from\n                    <jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection has been controversial. We previously showed that natural killer T (NKT) cells with an invariant (\n                    <jats:italic>i<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) TCR \u03b1 chain (\n                    <jats:italic>i<\/jats:italic>\n                    NKT cells) recognize glycolipids from\n                    <jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n                    , but did not establish an in vivo role for\n                    <jats:italic>i<\/jats:italic>\n                    NKT cells in Lyme disease pathogenesis. Here, we evaluate the importance of\n                    <jats:italic>i<\/jats:italic>\n                    NKT cells for host defense against these pathogenic spirochetes by using V\u03b114\n                    <jats:italic>i<\/jats:italic>\n                    NKT cell-deficient (\n                    <jats:italic>J<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u03b1\n                    <jats:italic>18<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) BALB\/c mice. On tick inoculation with\n                    <jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>J<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u03b1\n                    <jats:italic>18<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    mice exhibited more severe and prolonged arthritis as well as a reduced ability to clear spirochetes from infected tissues. V\u03b114\n                    <jats:italic>i<\/jats:italic>\n                    NKT cell deficiency also resulted in increased production of antibodies directed against both\n                    <jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n                    protein antigens and borrelial diacylglycerols; the latter finding demonstrates that anti-glycolipid antibody production does not require cognate help from V\u03b114\n                    <jats:italic>i<\/jats:italic>\n                    NKT cells. V\u03b114\n                    <jats:italic>i<\/jats:italic>\n                    NKT cells in infected wild-type mice expressed surface activation markers and produced IFN\u03b3 in vivo after infection, suggesting a participatory role for this unique population in cellular immunity. Our data are consistent with the hypothesis that the antigen-specific activation of V\u03b114\n                    <jats:italic>i<\/jats:italic>\n                    NKT cells is important for the prevention of persistent joint inflammation and spirochete clearance, and they counter the long-standing notion that humoral rather than cellular immunity is sufficient to facilitate Lyme disease resolution.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0810519105","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,5]],"date-time":"2008-12-05T21:09:41Z","timestamp":1228511381000},"page":"19863-19868","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":93,"title":["NKT cells prevent chronic joint inflammation after infection with\n                    <i>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"105","author":[{"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Tupin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisions of aDevelopmental Immunology and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed Rafii-El-Idrissi","family":"Benhnia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuki","family":"Kinjo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisions of aDevelopmental Immunology and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebeca","family":"Patsey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher J.","family":"Lena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisions of aDevelopmental Immunology and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew C.","family":"Haller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa J.","family":"Caimano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of dMedicine and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masakazu","family":"Imamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chi-Huey","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shane","family":"Crotty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justin D.","family":"Radolf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of dMedicine and"},{"name":"Genetics and Developmental Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy J.","family":"Sellati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mitchell","family":"Kronenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisions of aDevelopmental Immunology and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780200102"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.62.2.492-500.1994"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","first-page":"22","article-title":"Lyme borreliosis in the laboratory mouse","volume":"3","author":"Barthold SW","year":"1996","unstructured":"SW Barthold, Lyme borreliosis in the laboratory mouse. 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