{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T09:22:09Z","timestamp":1791192129416,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Human African trypanosomiasis, or sleeping sickness caused by\n                    <jats:italic>Trypanosoma brucei gambiense<\/jats:italic>\n                    , occurs in Western and Central Africa.\n                    <jats:italic>T. brucei<\/jats:italic>\n                    s.l. displays a huge diversity of adaptations and host specificities, and questions about its reproductive mode, dispersal abilities, and effective size remain under debate. We have investigated genetic variation at 8 microsatellite loci of\n                    <jats:italic>T. b. gambiense<\/jats:italic>\n                    strains isolated from human African trypanosomiasis patients in the Ivory Coast and Guinea, with the aim of knowing how genetic information was partitioned within and between individuals in both temporal and spatial scales. The results indicate that (\n                    <jats:italic>i<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) migration of\n                    <jats:italic>T. b. gambiense<\/jats:italic>\n                    group 1 strains does not occur at the scale of West Africa, and that even at a finer scale (e.g., within Guinea) migration is restricted; (\n                    <jats:italic>ii<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) effective population sizes of trypanosomes, as reflected by infected hosts, are probably higher than what the epidemiological surveys suggest; and (\n                    <jats:italic>iii<\/jats:italic>\n                    )\n                    <jats:italic>T. b. gambiense<\/jats:italic>\n                    group 1 is most likely a strictly clonally reproducing organism.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0811080106","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,23]],"date-time":"2008-12-23T21:48:53Z","timestamp":1230068933000},"page":"209-214","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":99,"title":["Population genetics of\n                    <i>Trypanosoma brucei gambiense<\/i>\n                    , the agent of sleeping sickness in Western Africa"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"106","author":[{"given":"Mathurin","family":"Koffi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Recherche pour le D\u00e9veloppement, Unit\u00e9 Mixte de Recherche IRD-CIRAD 177, Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier, Cedex 5, France;"},{"name":"Centre International de Recherche-D\u00e9veloppement sur l'Elevage en Zone Subhumide, Unit\u00e9 de Recherches sur les Bases Biologiques de la Lutte Int\u00e9gr\u00e9e, BP 454 Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso;"},{"name":"Institut Pierre Richet, Unit\u00e9 de Recherche \u201cTrypanosomoses\u201d, BP 293 Abidjan 04, Ivory Coast; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thierry","family":"De Mee\u00fbs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Recherche pour le D\u00e9veloppement, Unit\u00e9 Mixte de Recherche IRD-CIRAD 177, Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier, Cedex 5, France;"},{"name":"G\u00e9n\u00e9tique et Evolution des Maladies Infectieuses, UMR CNRS\/IRD 2724, UR IRD 165, Centre IRD de Montpellier, 34394 Montpellier, Cedex 5, France;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Bucheton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Recherche pour le D\u00e9veloppement, Unit\u00e9 Mixte de Recherche IRD-CIRAD 177, Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier, Cedex 5, France;"},{"name":"Centre International de Recherche-D\u00e9veloppement sur l'Elevage en Zone Subhumide, Unit\u00e9 de Recherches sur les Bases Biologiques de la Lutte Int\u00e9gr\u00e9e, BP 454 Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Solano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Recherche pour le D\u00e9veloppement, Unit\u00e9 Mixte de Recherche IRD-CIRAD 177, Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier, Cedex 5, France;"},{"name":"Centre International de Recherche-D\u00e9veloppement sur l'Elevage en Zone Subhumide, Unit\u00e9 de Recherches sur les Bases Biologiques de la Lutte Int\u00e9gr\u00e9e, BP 454 Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mamadou","family":"Camara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programme National de Lutte Contre la Trypanosomose Humaine Africaine, BP 851 Conakry, Guinea;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dramane","family":"Kaba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Pierre Richet, Unit\u00e9 de Recherche \u201cTrypanosomoses\u201d, BP 293 Abidjan 04, Ivory Coast; 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