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As much as 10 \u03bcg of viral proteins could be coated onto an array of 5 microneedles, and the coated IIV was delivered into skin at high efficiency within minutes. The coated MNs were used to immunize mice in comparison with conventional intramuscular injection at the same dose. Analysis of immune responses showed that a single immunization with IIV-coated MNs induced strong antibody responses against influenza virus, with significant levels of hemagglutination inhibition activities (&gt;1:40), which were comparable to those induced by conventional intramuscular immunization. Moreover, mice immunized by a single dose of IIV coated on MNs were effectively protected against lethal challenge by a high dose of mouse-adapted influenza virus A\/PR\/8\/34. These results show that MNs are highly effective as a simple method of vaccine delivery to elicit protective immune responses against virus infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0812652106","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,27]],"date-time":"2009-04-27T21:50:52Z","timestamp":1240869052000},"page":"7968-7973","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":185,"title":["Immunization by vaccine-coated microneedle arrays protects against lethal influenza virus challenge"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"106","author":[{"given":"Qiyun","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vladimir G.","family":"Zarnitsyn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332-0100"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ling","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiyuan","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yulong","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ioanna","family":"Skountzou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harvinder S.","family":"Gill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark R.","family":"Prausnitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332-0100"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chinglai","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard W.","family":"Compans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwj024"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp058068"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","first-page":"CD001269","article-title":"Vaccines for preventing influenza in healthy adults","volume":"2","author":"Jefferson TO","year":"2007","unstructured":"TO Jefferson, D Rivetti, C Di Pietrantonj, A Rivetti, V Demicheli, Vaccines for preventing influenza in healthy adults. 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