{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T05:05:03Z","timestamp":1792386303664,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"15","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    One of the most important themes in agricultural science is the identification of virulence factors involved in plant disease. Here, we show that a single virulence factor, tengu-su inducer (TENGU), induces witches' broom and dwarfism and is a small secreted protein of the plant-pathogenic bacterium, phytoplasma. When\n                    <jats:italic>tengu<\/jats:italic>\n                    was expressed in\n                    <jats:italic>Nicotiana benthamiana<\/jats:italic>\n                    plants, these plants showed symptoms of witches' broom and dwarfism, which are typical of phytoplasma infection. Transgenic\n                    <jats:italic>Arabidopsis thaliana<\/jats:italic>\n                    lines expressing\n                    <jats:italic>tengu<\/jats:italic>\n                    exhibited similar symptoms, confirming the effects of\n                    <jats:italic>tengu<\/jats:italic>\n                    expression on plants. Although the localization of phytoplasma was restricted to the phloem, TENGU protein was detected in apical buds by immunohistochemical analysis, suggesting that TENGU was transported from the phloem to other cells. Microarray analyses showed that auxin-responsive genes were significantly down-regulated in the\n                    <jats:italic>tengu<\/jats:italic>\n                    -transgenic plants compared with\n                    <jats:italic>GUS<\/jats:italic>\n                    -transgenic control plants. These results suggest that TENGU inhibits auxin-related pathways, thereby affecting plant development.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0813038106","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,30]],"date-time":"2009-03-30T12:30:05Z","timestamp":1238416205000},"page":"6416-6421","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":296,"title":["A unique virulence factor for proliferation and dwarfism in plants identified from a phytopathogenic bacterium"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"106","author":[{"given":"Ayaka","family":"Hoshi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenro","family":"Oshima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shigeyuki","family":"Kakizawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshiko","family":"Ishii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johji","family":"Ozeki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masayoshi","family":"Hashimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ken","family":"Komatsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satoshi","family":"Kagiwada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Plant Science, Faculty of Bioscience and Applied Chemistry, Hosei University, 3-7-2 Kajinocho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8584, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasuyuki","family":"Yamaji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shigetou","family":"Namba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan; 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