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At younger ages, however, LTD attenuated temporarily at PW6 and recovered thereafter. In parallel with LTD, short-term (1 h) adaptation of optokinetic eye movement response (OKR) temporarily diminished at PW6. Young adult G-substrate knockout mice tested at PW12 exhibited no significant differences from their WT littermates in terms of brain structure, general behavior, locomotor behavior on a rotor rod or treadmill, eyeblink conditioning, dynamic characteristics of OKR, or short-term OKR adaptation. One unique change detected was a modest but significant attenuation in the long-term (5 days) adaptation of OKR. The present results support the concept that LTD is causal to short-term adaptation and reveal the dual functional involvement of G-substrate in neuronal mechanisms of the cerebellum for both short-term and long-term adaptation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0813341106","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,14]],"date-time":"2009-02-14T07:46:39Z","timestamp":1234597599000},"page":"3525-3530","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Dual involvement of G-substrate in motor learning revealed by gene deletion"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"106","author":[{"given":"Shogo","family":"Endo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit for Molecular Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Uruma 904-2234, 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