{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T14:07:09Z","timestamp":1792159629565,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,4,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Atrazine is the most commonly used herbicide in the U.S. and probably the world. It can be present at several parts per million in agricultural runoff and can reach 40 parts per billion (ppb) in precipitation. We examined the effects of atrazine on sexual development in African clawed frogs (\n                    <jats:italic>Xenopus<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:italic>laevis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ). Larvae were exposed to atrazine (0.01\u2013200 ppb) by immersion throughout larval development, and we examined gonadal histology and laryngeal size at metamorphosis. Atrazine (\u22650.1 ppb) induced hermaphroditism and demasculinized the larynges of exposed males (\u22651.0 ppb). In addition, we examined plasma testosterone levels in sexually mature males. Male\n                    <jats:italic>X. laevis<\/jats:italic>\n                    suffered a 10-fold decrease in testosterone levels when exposed to 25 ppb atrazine. We hypothesize that atrazine induces aromatase and promotes the conversion of testosterone to estrogen. This disruption in steroidogenesis likely explains the demasculinization of the male larynx and the production of hermaphrodites. The effective levels reported in the current study are realistic exposures that suggest that other amphibian species exposed to atrazine in the wild could be at risk of impaired sexual development. This widespread compound and other environmental endocrine disruptors may be a factor in global amphibian declines.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.082121499","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,26]],"date-time":"2002-07-26T10:45:09Z","timestamp":1027680309000},"page":"5476-5480","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":920,"title":["Hermaphroditic, demasculinized frogs after exposure to the herbicide atrazine at low ecologically relevant doses"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"99","author":[{"given":"Tyrone B.","family":"Hayes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Integrative Studies in Amphibian Biology, Group in Endocrinology, Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3140"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atif","family":"Collins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Integrative Studies in Amphibian Biology, Group in Endocrinology, Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3140"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Integrative Studies in Amphibian Biology, Group in Endocrinology, Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3140"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magdelena","family":"Mendoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Integrative Studies in Amphibian Biology, Group in Endocrinology, Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3140"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nigel","family":"Noriega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Integrative Studies in Amphibian Biology, Group in Endocrinology, Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3140"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. Ali","family":"Stuart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Integrative Studies in Amphibian Biology, Group in Endocrinology, Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3140"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aaron","family":"Vonk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Integrative Studies in Amphibian Biology, Group in Endocrinology, Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3140"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2002,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-0760(98)00027-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1191\/074823399678846727"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.253.5022.860"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35008052"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35070552"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5620170110"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10408449891344236"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0045-6535(99)00193-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2220\/biomedres.21.361"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5620200103"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/019262330002800312"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","volume-title":"Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage: 1992 and 1993 Market Estimates","year":"1994","unstructured":"Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage: 1992 and 1993 Market Estimates (Environ. Protect. Agency, U.S. Dept. Agric. Publ. No. 733-K-94-001. (1994)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5620150105"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5620200411"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00652482"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","volume-title":"Normal Table of Xenopus laevis (Daudin)","author":"Niewkwoop P D","year":"1994","unstructured":"P D Niewkwoop, J Faber Normal Table of Xenopus laevis (Daudin) (North Holland Publishing, Amsterdam, 1994)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1052260306"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.1402640203"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/gcen.1999.7321"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-4731(89)90369-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.2550150312"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.97105294"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15287399409531912"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15287399409531913"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/54.1.121"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.011091027"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.97105528"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","volume-title":"Report of an Alleged Adverse Effect from Atrazine: Atrazine Technical","author":"Parshley T","year":"2000","unstructured":"T Parshley Report of an Alleged Adverse Effect from Atrazine: Atrazine Technical (Environ. Protect. Agency, , Environ. Protect. Agency Reg. No.100-529. (2000)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","first-page":"163","volume":"90","author":"Gaillien L","year":"1962","unstructured":"L Gaillien Bull Biol Fr Belg 90, 163\u2013183 (1962).","journal-title":"Bull Biol Fr Belg"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-010X(19980801)281:5<373::AID-JEZ4>3.0.CO;2-L"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.07-10-03198.1987"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.94102s1129"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0890-6238(96)00054-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-128X(99)00051-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0890-6238(99)00056-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/53.2.297"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/58.1.135"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1263(200001\/02)20:1<61::AID-JAT628>3.0.CO;2-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","first-page":"48","volume":"19","author":"Hayes E","year":"1993","unstructured":"E Hayes EPA J 19, 48\u201349 (1993).","journal-title":"EPA J"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/009841096161401"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2280(1997)29:3<277::AID-EM8>3.0.CO;2-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5620170324"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s001289900742"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_2","first-page":"61","volume":"107","author":"Britson C A","year":"2000","unstructured":"C A Britson, S T Threlkeld J Iowa Acad Sci 107, 61\u201366 (2000).","journal-title":"J Iowa Acad Sci"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5620191217"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_2","volume-title":"Aatrex Product Booklet","year":"2001","unstructured":"Aatrex Product Booklet (Ciba-Geigy Canada, Mississauga, ON, Canada, 2001)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq1997.00472425002600040012x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-9697(99)00536-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq1992.00472425002100030029x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005293020536"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es000995l"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/1051-0761(2001)011[0464:DOTCRL]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_53_2","first-page":"204","volume":"3","author":"Cory L","year":"1970","unstructured":"L Cory, P Fjerd, W Serat Pestic Monit J 3, 204\u2013211 (1970).","journal-title":"Pestic Monit J"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_54_2","first-page":"145","volume-title":"Herpetologia Bonnensis","author":"Hayes T B","year":"1997","unstructured":"T B Hayes Herpetologia Bonnensis, eds W B\u00f6hme, W Bischoff, T Ziegler (SEH, Bonn), pp. 145\u2013150 (1997)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_55_2","first-page":"573","volume-title":"Ecotoxicology in Reptiles and Amphibians","author":"Hayes T B","year":"1999","unstructured":"T B Hayes Ecotoxicology in Reptiles and Amphibians, eds G Linder, D Sparling, C Bishop (Soc. Environ. Toxicol. Chem., Pensacola, FL), pp. 573\u2013594 (1999)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.98106261"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.082121499","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,12]],"date-time":"2022-04-12T18:22:51Z","timestamp":1649787771000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/full\/10.1073\/pnas.082121499"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2002,4,16]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,4,16]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.082121499"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.082121499","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2002,4,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2001-12-20","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2002-03-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2002-04-16","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}