{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T15:30:17Z","timestamp":1781105417747,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,4,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    A na\u00efve, human single-chain Fv (scFv) phage-display library was used in bio-panning against live, native spores of\n                    <jats:italic>Bacillus subtilis<\/jats:italic>\n                    IFO 3336 suspended in solution. A direct\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    panning and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-based selection afforded a panel of nine scFv-phage clones of which two, 5B and 7E, were chosen for further study. These two clones differed in their relative specificity and affinity for spores of\n                    <jats:italic>B. subtilis<\/jats:italic>\n                    IFO 3336 vs. a panel of spores from 11 other\n                    <jats:italic>Bacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                    species\/strains. A variety of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay protocols indicated these scFv-phage clones recognized different spore epitopes. Notably, some spore epitopes markedly changed between the free and microtiter-plate immobilized state as revealed by antibody-phage binding. An additional library selection procedure also was examined by constructing a Fab chain-shuffled sublibrary from the nine positive clones and by using a subtractive panning strategy to remove crossreactivity with\n                    <jats:italic>B. licheniformis<\/jats:italic>\n                    5A24. The Fab-phage clone 52 was improved compared with 5B and was comparable to 7E in binding\n                    <jats:italic>B. subtilis<\/jats:italic>\n                    IFO 3336 vs.\n                    <jats:italic>B. licheniformis<\/jats:italic>\n                    5A24, yet showed a distinctive crossreactivity pattern with other spores. We also developed a method to directly detect individual spores by using fluorescently labeled antibody-phage. Finally, a variety of \u201cpowders\u201d that might be used in deploying spores of\n                    <jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n                    were examined for antibody-phage binding. The strategies described provide a foundation to discover human antibodies specific for native spores of\n                    <jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n                    that can be developed as diagnostic and therapeutic reagents.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.082121599","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,26]],"date-time":"2002-07-26T10:45:09Z","timestamp":1027680309000},"page":"5241-5246","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Human antibodies against spores of the genus\n                    <i>Bacillus<\/i>\n                    : A model study for detection of and protection against anthrax and the bioterrorist threat"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"99","author":[{"given":"Bin","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Wirsching","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kim D.","family":"Janda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2002,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1992.tb38020.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-2712(18)30023-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1992.tb38029.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.294.5542.490"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0706.010604"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.286.20.2554"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.286.20.2549"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa012948"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","first-page":"1","volume":"178","author":"Hoogenboom H R","year":"2002","unstructured":"H R Hoogenboom Methods Mol Biol 178, 1\u201337 (2002).","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","volume-title":"Phage Display","author":"Burton D R","year":"2001","unstructured":"D R Burton Phage Display, ed C F Barbas (Cold Spring Harbor Lab. 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