{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T21:20:19Z","timestamp":1793827219427,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"16","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Neutrophils are short-lived leukocytes that die by apoptosis, necrosis, and NETosis. Upon death by NETosis, neutrophils release fibrous traps of DNA, histones, and granule proteins named neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), which can kill bacteria and fungi. Inoculation of the protozoan\n                    <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                    into the mammalian skin causes local inflammation with neutrophil recruitment. Here, we investigated the release of NETs by human neutrophils upon their interaction with\n                    <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                    parasites and NETs' ability to kill this protozoan. The NET constituents DNA, elastase, and histones were detected in traps associated to promastigotes by immunofluorescence. Electron microscopy revealed that\n                    <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                    was ensnared by NETs released by neutrophils. Moreover,\n                    <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                    and its surface lipophosphoglycan induced NET release by neutrophils in a parasite number- and dose-dependent manner. Disruption of NETs by DNase treatment during\n                    <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2013neutrophil interaction increased parasite survival, evidencing NETs' leishmanicidal effect.\n                    <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                    killing was also elicited by NET-rich supernatants from phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-activated neutrophils. Immunoneutralization of histone during\n                    <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2013neutrophil interaction partially reverted\n                    <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                    killing, and purified histone killed the parasites. Meshes composed of DNA and elastase were evidenced in biopsies of human cutaneous leishmaniasis. NET is an innate response that might contribute to diminish parasite burden in the\n                    <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                    inoculation site.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0900226106","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,3]],"date-time":"2009-04-03T22:43:05Z","timestamp":1238798585000},"page":"6748-6753","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":495,"title":["<i>Leishmania amazonensis<\/i>\n                    promastigotes induce and are killed by neutrophil extracellular traps"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"106","author":[{"given":"Anderson B.","family":"Guimar\u00e3es-Costa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Prof. Paulo de G\u00f3es, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Bloco I, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle T. C.","family":"Nascimento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Prof. Paulo de G\u00f3es, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Bloco I, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giselle S.","family":"Froment","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Prof. Paulo de G\u00f3es, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Bloco I, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rodrigo P. P.","family":"Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Entomologia M\u00e9dica, Centro de Pesquisas Ren\u00e9 Rachou, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, 30190-002, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernanda N.","family":"Morgado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Imunoparasitologia, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, 21045-900, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F\u00e1tima","family":"Concei\u00e7\u00e3o-Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Imunoparasitologia, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, 21045-900, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elvira M.","family":"Saraiva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Prof. Paulo de G\u00f3es, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Bloco I, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1785"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1092385"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1710"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2006.00792.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2005.00659.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0407-403"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200606027"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/039463200702000302"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Leishmaniasis in Biology and Medicine","author":"Lainson R","year":"1987","unstructured":"R Lainson, JJ Shaw, Evolution, classification, and geographical distribution. Leishmaniasis in Biology and Medicine, eds W Peters, R Killick-Kendrick (Academic, London) Vol 2, 1\u2013120 (1987)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.mi.46.100192.000433"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-842X(03)00075-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(07)70209-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.169.2.898"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02990493"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1471-4922(01)01895-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/17460913.2.4.425"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3324","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.151.6.3324","article-title":"Ligand specificity of purified complement receptor type three (CD11b\/CD18, Mac-1). Indirect effects of an Arg-Gly-Asp sequence","volume":"151","author":"VanStrijp JA","year":"1993","unstructured":"JA VanStrijp, DG Russell, E Tuomanen, EJ Brown, SD Wright, Ligand specificity of purified complement receptor type three (CD11b\/CD18, Mac-1). Indirect effects of an Arg-Gly-Asp sequence. J Immunol 151, 3324\u20133336 (1993).","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01090-07"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1438","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.127.4.1438","article-title":"Phagocytosis and killing of the protozoan Leishmania donovani by human PMN leukocytes","volume":"127","author":"Pearson RD","year":"1981","unstructured":"RD Pearson, RT Steigbigel, Phagocytosis and killing of the protozoan Leishmania donovani by human PMN leukocytes. J Immunol 127, 1438\u20131443 (1981).","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.2.826-835.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","first-page":"100","article-title":"Trafficking of Leishmania donovani promastigotes in nonlytic compartments in neutrophils enables the subsequent transfer of parasites to macrophages","volume":"10","author":"Gueirard P","year":"2008","unstructured":"P Gueirard, A Laplante, C Rondeau, G Milon, M Desjardins, Trafficking of Leishmania donovani promastigotes in nonlytic compartments in neutrophils enables the subsequent transfer of parasites to macrophages. Cell Microbiol 10, 100\u2013111 (2008).","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/o06-082"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2006.11.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2006.05.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2005.11.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-007-0073-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-7-41"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.179.6.3988"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.172.7.4454"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.176.3.1834"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)61124-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","first-page":"50","article-title":"Is the in situ inflammatory reaction an important tool to understand the cellular immune response in American tegumentary leishmaniasis?","volume":"158","author":"Morgado FN","year":"2008","unstructured":"FN Morgado, et al., Is the in situ inflammatory reaction an important tool to understand the cellular immune response in American tegumentary leishmaniasis? Br J Dermatol 158, 50\u201358 (2008).","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.0900226106","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,24]],"date-time":"2023-05-24T15:05:33Z","timestamp":1684940733000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/full\/10.1073\/pnas.0900226106"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,21]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,21]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.0900226106"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0900226106","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2009-01-09","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2009-04-21","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}