{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T15:25:35Z","timestamp":1790695535215,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"25","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Emerging infectious diseases of wildlife have been recognized as a major threat to global biodiversity. Endemic species on isolated oceanic islands, such as the Gal\u00e1pagos, are particularly at risk in the face of introduced pathogens and disease vectors. The black salt-marsh mosquito (\n                    <jats:italic>Aedes taeniorhynchus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) is the only mosquito widely distributed across the Gal\u00e1pagos Archipelago. Here we show that this mosquito naturally colonized the Gal\u00e1pagos before the arrival of man, and since then it has evolved to represent a distinct evolutionary unit and has adapted to habitats unusual for its coastal progenitor. We also present evidence that\n                    <jats:italic>A. taeniorhynchus<\/jats:italic>\n                    feeds on reptiles in Gal\u00e1pagos in addition to previously reported mammal and bird hosts, highlighting the important role this mosquito might play as a bridge-vector in the transmission and spread of extant and newly introduced diseases in the Gal\u00e1pagos Islands. These findings are particularly pertinent for West Nile virus, which can cause significant morbidity and mortality in mammals (including humans), birds, and reptiles, and which recently has spread from an introductory focus in New York to much of the North and South American mainland and could soon reach the Gal\u00e1pagos Islands. Unlike Hawaii, there are likely to be no highland refugia free from invading mosquito-borne diseases in Gal\u00e1pagos, suggesting bleak outcomes to possible future pathogen introduction events.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0901308106","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,5]],"date-time":"2009-06-05T21:00:38Z","timestamp":1244235638000},"page":"10230-10235","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"title":["Natural colonization and adaptation of a mosquito species in Gal\u00e1pagos and its implications for disease threats to endemic wildlife"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"106","author":[{"given":"Arnaud","family":"Bataille","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Integrative and Comparative Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom;"},{"name":"Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY, United Kindom;"},{"name":"Natural Environment Research Council Molecular Genetics Facility, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew A.","family":"Cunningham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY, United Kindom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Virna","family":"Cede\u00f1o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gal\u00e1pagos Genetics, Epidemiology and Pathology Laboratory, Gal\u00e1pagos National Park, Puerto Ayora, Gal\u00e1pagos Islands, Ecuador;"},{"name":"Biotechnology Program, Universidad de Guayaquil, Guayaquil, Ecuador;"},{"name":"Concepto Azul, Guayaquil, PO Box 09-02-142A, Ecuador; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leandro","family":"Pati\u00f1o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gal\u00e1pagos Genetics, Epidemiology and Pathology Laboratory, Gal\u00e1pagos National Park, Puerto Ayora, Gal\u00e1pagos Islands, Ecuador;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Constantinou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Integrative and Comparative Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura D.","family":"Kramer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12159"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon J.","family":"Goodman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Integrative and Comparative Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.287.5452.443"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.23.2.1505"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1942550"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1365954"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","first-page":"12","volume-title":"A Biodiversity Vision for the Gal\u00e1pagos Islands","author":"Tye A","year":"2002","unstructured":"A Tye, HL Snell, SB Peck, H Adsersen A Biodiversity Vision for the Gal\u00e1pagos Islands, ed R Bensted-Smith (Charles Darwin Foundation & World Wide Fund, Puerto Ayora, Gal\u00e1pagos), pp. 12\u201323 (2002)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1603\/0013-8746(2006)099[0121:AITAIF]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","first-page":"30","volume-title":"A Biodiversity Vision for the Gal\u00e1pagos Islands","author":"Snell HL","year":"2002","unstructured":"HL Snell, A Tye, CE Causton, R Bensted-Smith A Biodiversity Vision for the Gal\u00e1pagos Islands, ed R Bensted-Smith (Charles Darwin Foundation & World Wide Fund, Puerto Ayora, Gal\u00e1pagos), pp. 30\u201347 (2002)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1739.2006.00423.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2005.06.025"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1474-919X.2005.00468.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5751\/ES-00605-090105"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ae\/44.4.218"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1368369"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/9780520325098"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5479\/si.00963801.771.185"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02761998000400001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-38.2.130"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1986.35.1296"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","first-page":"362","article-title":"Isolation of West Nile Virus from mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Florida Keys, Monroe County, Florida","volume":"40","author":"Hribar LJ","year":"2004","unstructured":"LJ Hribar, et al., Isolation of West Nile Virus from mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Florida Keys, Monroe County, Florida. 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