{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T05:45:13Z","timestamp":1791179113248,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"33","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Anthrax, a potentially lethal disease of animals and humans, is caused by the Gram-positive spore-forming bacterium\n                    <jats:italic>Bacillus anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n                    . The outermost exosporium layer of\n                    <jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n                    spores contains an external hair-like nap formed by the glycoprotein BclA. Recognition of BclA by the integrin Mac-1 promotes spore uptake by professional phagocytes, resulting in the carriage of spores to sites of spore germination and bacterial growth in distant lymphoid organs. We show that CD14 binds to rhamnose residues of BclA and acts as a coreceptor for spore binding by Mac-1. In this process, CD14 induces signals involving TLR2 and PI3k that promote inside-out activation of Mac-1, thereby enhancing spore internalization by macrophages. As observed with mice lacking Mac-1, CD14\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    mice are also more resistant than wild-type mice to infection by\n                    <jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n                    spores. Additionally, after\n                    <jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n                    spore challenge of CD14\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    mice, interference with the CD14-mediated signaling pathways results in increased mortality. Our results show that the binding and uptake of\n                    <jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n                    spores by phagocytic cells is a dynamic process and involves multiple receptors and signaling pathways.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0902392106","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,28]],"date-time":"2009-07-28T22:43:04Z","timestamp":1248820984000},"page":"13957-13962","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":77,"title":["CD14-Mac-1 interactions in\n                    <i>Bacillus anthracis<\/i>\n                    spore internalization by macrophages"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"106","author":[{"given":"Claudia","family":"Oliva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-2170"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Charles L.","family":"Turnbough","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-2170"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John F.","family":"Kearney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-2170"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.187.15.5310-5317.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M401613200"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0709321105"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.273.17.10556"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.10.4.861"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2004-03-1108"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-5699(92)90198-G"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.8.2.8119492"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1698311"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.271.38.23310"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.182.6.1673"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5112","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.157.11.5112","article-title":"Chemical characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus molecules that have CD14-dependent cell-stimulating activity","volume":"157","author":"Kusunoki T","year":"1996","unstructured":"T Kusunoki, SD Wright, Chemical characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus molecules that have CD14-dependent cell-stimulating activity. 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