{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,11]],"date-time":"2026-11-11T21:02:51Z","timestamp":1794430971718,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"35","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Since its first description in coastal Connecticut in 1976, both the incidence of Lyme disease and the geographic extent of endemic areas in the US have increased dramatically. The rapid expansion of Lyme disease into its current distribution in the eastern half of the US has been due to the range expansion of the tick vector,\n                    <jats:italic>Ixodes scapularis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , upon which the causative agent,\n                    <jats:italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n                    is dependent for transmission to humans. In this study, we examined the phylogeographic population structure of\n                    <jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n                    throughout the range of\n                    <jats:italic>I. scapularis<\/jats:italic>\n                    -borne Lyme disease using multilocus sequence typing based on bacterial housekeeping genes. We show that\n                    <jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n                    populations from the Northeast and Midwest are genetically distinct, but phylogenetically related. Our findings provide strong evidence of prehistoric population size expansion and east-to-west radiation of descendent clones from founding sequence types in the Northeast. Estimates of the time scale of divergence of northeastern and midwestern populations suggest that\n                    <jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n                    was present in these regions of North America many thousands of years before European settlements. We conclude that\n                    <jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n                    populations have recently reemerged independently out of separate relict foci, where they have persisted since precolonial times.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0903810106","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,14]],"date-time":"2009-08-14T21:47:28Z","timestamp":1250286448000},"page":"15013-15018","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":150,"title":["Phylogeography of\n                    <i>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/i>\n                    in the eastern United States reflects multiple independent Lyme disease emergence events"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"106","author":[{"given":"Anne Gatewood","family":"Hoen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriele","family":"Margos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen J.","family":"Bent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria A.","family":"Diuk-Wasser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan","family":"Barbour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics and Medicine and Pacific-Southwest Center of Excellence, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Klaus","family":"Kurtenbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Durland","family":"Fish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","first-page":"824","article-title":"Cluster of arthritis in children and adults in Lyme, Connecticut","volume":"19","author":"Steere AC","year":"1976","unstructured":"AC Steere, SE Malawista, DR Snydman, WA Andiman, Cluster of arthritis in children and adults in Lyme, Connecticut. 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