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Oxides of nitrogen (NO\n                    <jats:sub>y<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) are also globally distributed, because NO formed in combustion processes is oxidized to NO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    , HNO\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    , N\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>5<\/jats:sub>\n                    and a variety of other nitrogen oxides during transport. Deposition of HCl and NO\n                    <jats:sub>y<\/jats:sub>\n                    onto surfaces is commonly regarded as providing permanent removal mechanisms. However, we show here a new surface-mediated coupling of nitrogen oxide and halogen activation cycles in which uptake of gaseous NO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    or N\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>5<\/jats:sub>\n                    on solid substrates generates adsorbed intermediates that react with HCl to generate gaseous nitrosyl chloride (ClNO) and nitryl chloride (ClNO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ), respectively. These are potentially harmful gases that photolyze to form highly reactive chlorine atoms. The reactions are shown both experimentally and theoretically to be enhanced by water, a surprising result given the availability of competing hydrolysis reaction pathways. Airshed modeling incorporating HCl generated from sea salt shows that in coastal urban regions, this heterogeneous chemistry increases surface-level ozone, a criteria air pollutant, greenhouse gas and source of atmospheric oxidants. In addition, it may contribute to recently measured high levels of ClNO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    in the polluted coastal marine boundary layer. This work also suggests the potential for chlorine atom chemistry to occur indoors where significant concentrations of oxides of nitrogen and HCl coexist.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0904195106","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,21]],"date-time":"2009-07-21T21:07:45Z","timestamp":1248210465000},"page":"13647-13654","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":113,"title":["Chlorine activation indoors and outdoors via surface-mediated reactions of nitrogen oxides with hydrogen chloride"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"106","author":[{"given":"Jonathan D.","family":"Raff","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2025;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bosiljka","family":"Njegic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2025;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wayne L.","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92607-3975;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark S.","family":"Gordon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donald","family":"Dabdub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92607-3975;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. 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