{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T15:54:04Z","timestamp":1790870044682,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"13","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Recurrent group A\n                    <jats:italic>Streptococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                    (GAS) tonsillitis and associated autoimmune diseases indicate that the immune response to this organism can be ineffective and pathological. TGF-\u03b21 is recognized as an essential signal for generation of regulatory T cells (Tregs) and T helper (Th) 17 cells. Here, the impact of TGF-\u03b21 induction on the T-cell response in mouse nasal-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT) following intranasal (i.n.) infections is investigated. ELISA and TGF-\u03b21-luciferase reporter assays indicated that persistent infection of mouse NALT with GAS sets the stage for TGF-\u03b21 and IL-6 production, signals required for promotion of a Th17 immune response. As predicted, IL-17, the Th17 signature cytokine, was induced in a TGF-\u03b21 signaling-dependent manner in single-cell suspensions of both human tonsils and NALT. Intracellular cytokine staining and flow cytometry demonstrated that CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    IL-17\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cells are the dominant T cells induced in NALT by i.n. infections. Moreover, naive mice acquired the potential to clear GAS by adoptive transfer of CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cells from immunized IL-17A\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    \/\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    mice but not cells from IL-17A\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    \/\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    mice. These experiments link specific induction of TGF-\u03b21 by a bacterial infection to an in vivo Th17 immune response and show that this cellular response is sufficient for protection against GAS. The association of a Th17 response with GAS infection reveals a potential mechanism for destructive autoimmune responses in humans.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0904831107","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,15]],"date-time":"2010-03-15T23:59:34Z","timestamp":1268697574000},"page":"5937-5942","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":91,"title":["Induction of TGF-\u03b21 and TGF-\u03b21\u2013dependent predominant Th17 differentiation by group A streptococcal infection"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"107","author":[{"given":"Beinan","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thamotharampillai","family":"Dileepan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Briscoe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kendra A.","family":"Hyland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discovery Genomics, Inc., Minneapolis, MN 55413; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johnthomas","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Immunology, and"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Khoruts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Immunology, and"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P. Patrick","family":"Cleary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","first-page":"175","article-title":"Penicillin failure and copathogenicity in streptococcal pharyngotonsillitis","volume":"38","author":"Brook I","year":"1994","unstructured":"I Brook, Penicillin failure and copathogenicity in streptococcal pharyngotonsillitis. 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