{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T12:25:25Z","timestamp":1791375925805,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"29","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    We present a framework for allocating a global carbon reduction target among nations, in which the concept of \u201ccommon but differentiated responsibilities\u201d refers to the emissions of individuals instead of nations. We use the income distribution of a country to estimate how its fossil fuel CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    emissions are distributed among its citizens, from which we build up a global CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    distribution. We then propose a simple rule to derive a universal cap on global individual emissions and find corresponding limits on national aggregate emissions from this cap. All of the world's high CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    -emitting individuals are treated the same, regardless of where they live. Any future global emission goal (target and time frame) can be converted into national reduction targets, which are determined by \u201cBusiness as Usual\u201d projections of national carbon emissions and in-country income distributions. For example, reducing projected global emissions in 2030 by 13 GtCO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    would require the engagement of 1.13 billion high emitters, roughly equally distributed in 4 regions: the U.S., the OECD minus the U.S., China, and the non-OECD minus China. We also modify our methodology to place a floor on emissions of the world's lowest CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    emitters and demonstrate that climate mitigation and alleviation of extreme poverty are largely decoupled.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0905232106","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,6]],"date-time":"2009-07-06T21:54:03Z","timestamp":1246917243000},"page":"11884-11888","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":281,"title":["Sharing global CO\n                    <sub>2<\/sub>\n                    emission reductions among one billion high emitters"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"106","author":[{"given":"Shoibal","family":"Chakravarty","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Princeton Environmental Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ananth","family":"Chikkatur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heleen","family":"de Coninck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands, P.O. Box 1, 1755 ZG, Petten, The Netherlands; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Pacala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Princeton Environmental Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Socolow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Princeton Environmental Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"Tavoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Princeton Environmental Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540;"},{"name":"Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei, 20123 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-008-9484-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","volume-title":"The Greenhouse Development Rights Framework","author":"Baer P","year":"2008","unstructured":"P Baer, T Athanasiou, S Kartha, E Kemp-Benedict The Greenhouse Development Rights Framework (Heinrich B\u00f6ll Foundation, 2nd Ed., Christian Aid, EcoEquity, and the Stockholm Environment Institute, 2008).","edition":"2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","volume-title":"Global Warming in an Unequal World: A Case of Environmental Colonialism","author":"Agarwal A","year":"1991","unstructured":"A Agarwal, S Narain Global Warming in an Unequal World: A Case of Environmental Colonialism (Centre for Science and Environment, New Delhi, India, 1991)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","volume-title":"Contraction & Convergence: The Global Solution to Climate Change","author":"Meyer A","year":"2000","unstructured":"A Meyer Contraction & Convergence: The Global Solution to Climate Change (Green Books, Totnes, Devon, ISBN No. 1\u2013870098-94\u20133. (2000)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","first-page":"175","volume-title":"Building on the Kyoto Protocol: Options for Protecting the Climate","author":"Aslam MA","year":"2002","unstructured":"MA Aslam Building on the Kyoto Protocol: Options for Protecting the Climate, eds KA Baumert, O Blanchard, S Llosa, J Perkaus (World Resources Institute, Washington, DC), pp. 175\u2013202 (2002)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","volume-title":"World Development Indicators 2007","year":"2007","unstructured":"World Development Indicators 2007 (The World Bank, Washington, DC, 2007)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","volume-title":"International Energy Outlook","year":"2007","unstructured":"International Energy Outlook (U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, DC, 2007)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","volume-title":"World Population Prospects: The 2006 Revision","year":"2006","unstructured":"World Population Prospects: The 2006 Revision (United Nations, New York, NY, 2006)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9930.1993.tb00093.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","volume-title":"OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers","author":"Ahmad N","year":"2003","unstructured":"N Ahmad, A Wyckoff, Carbon dioxide emissions embodied in international trade of goods. OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers (OECD Publishing, Paris, 2003\/15. (2003)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es072023k"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.0905232106","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,23]],"date-time":"2022-05-23T16:56:14Z","timestamp":1653324974000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/full\/10.1073\/pnas.0905232106"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,21]]},"references-count":11,"journal-issue":{"issue":"29","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,21]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.0905232106"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0905232106","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2009-03-16","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2009-07-21","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}