{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T09:48:42Z","timestamp":1782294522322,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"31","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,4]]},"abstract":"\n DNA barcoding involves sequencing a standard region of DNA as a tool for species identification. However, there has been no agreement on which region(s) should be used for barcoding land plants. To provide a community recommendation on a standard plant barcode, we have compared the performance of 7 leading candidate plastid DNA regions (\n atpF\u2013atpH<\/jats:italic>\n spacer,\n matK<\/jats:italic>\n gene,\n rbcL<\/jats:italic>\n gene,\n rpoB<\/jats:italic>\n gene,\n rpoC1<\/jats:italic>\n gene,\n psbK\u2013psbI<\/jats:italic>\n spacer, and\n trnH\u2013psbA<\/jats:italic>\n spacer). Based on assessments of recoverability, sequence quality, and levels of species discrimination, we recommend the 2-locus combination of\n rbcL<\/jats:italic>\n +\n matK<\/jats:italic>\n as the plant barcode. This core 2-locus barcode will provide a universal framework for the routine use of DNA sequence data to identify specimens and contribute toward the discovery of overlooked species of land plants.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0905845106","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,27]],"date-time":"2009-08-27T11:38:31Z","timestamp":1251373111000},"page":"12794-12797","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2134,"title":["A DNA barcode for land plants"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"106","author":[{"name":"CBOL Plant Working Group1","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter M.","family":"Hollingsworth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH3 5LR, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura L.","family":"Forrest","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH3 5LR, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John L.","family":"Spouge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Computational Biology Branch, Bethesda, MD 20894;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mehrdad","family":"Hajibabaei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sujeevan","family":"Ratnasingham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"van der Bank","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany and Plant Biotechnology, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark W.","family":"Chase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond TW9 3DS, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robyn S.","family":"Cowan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond TW9 3DS, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David L.","family":"Erickson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC, 20013-7012;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aron J.","family":"Fazekas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sean W.","family":"Graham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UBC Botanical Garden and Centre for Plant Research, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, and Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen E.","family":"James","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Botany Department, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ki-Joong","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Korea;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W. John","family":"Kress","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC, 20013-7012;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harald","family":"Schneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Botany Department, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"van AlphenStahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond TW9 3DS, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Spencer C.H.","family":"Barrett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3B2;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cassio","family":"van den Berg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Sistem\u00e1tica Molecular de Plantas, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Departamento de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, 44031-460, Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brazil;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diego","family":"Bogarin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jard\u00edn Bot\u00e1nico Lankester, Universidad de Costa Rica, Cartago, Costa Rica;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin S.","family":"Burgess","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3B2;"},{"name":"Department of Biology, Columbus State University, Columbus, GA 31907-5645;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth M.","family":"Cameron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53508;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Carine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Botany Department, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliana","family":"Chac\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad de los Andes, Apartado A\u00e9reo 4976, Bogot\u00e1, D.C., Colombia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Clark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH3 5LR, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James J.","family":"Clarkson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond TW9 3DS, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ferozah","family":"Conrad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leslie Hill Molecular Systematics Laboratory, SANBI, Kirstenbosch Research Centre, Claremont 7735, Cape Town, South Africa;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dion S.","family":"Devey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond TW9 3DS, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline S.","family":"Ford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Ceredigion SY23 3DA, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Terry A.J.","family":"Hedderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7700, South Africa;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle L.","family":"Hollingsworth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH3 5LR, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian C.","family":"Husband","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura J.","family":"Kelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH3 5LR, United Kingdom;"},{"name":"Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond TW9 3DS, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prasad R.","family":"Kesanakurti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jung Sung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Korea;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Young-Dong","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, Hallym University, Chuncheon 200-702, Korea;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renaud","family":"Lahaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany and Plant Biotechnology, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hae-Lim","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Korea;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David G.","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH3 5LR, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Santiago","family":"Madri\u00f1\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad de los Andes, Apartado A\u00e9reo 4976, Bogot\u00e1, D.C., Colombia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivier","family":"Maurin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany and Plant Biotechnology, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabelle","family":"Meusnier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven G.","family":"Newmaster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chong-Wook","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana M.","family":"Percy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UBC Botanical Garden and Centre for Plant Research, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, and Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gitte","family":"Petersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, 1307 Copenhagen K, Denmark;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James E.","family":"Richardson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH3 5LR, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerardo A.","family":"Salazar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Biolog\u00eda, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, 04510 M\u00e9xico, D.F., Mexico;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincent","family":"Savolainen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond TW9 3DS, United Kingdom;"},{"name":"Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot SL5 7PY, United Kingdom; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ole","family":"Seberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, 1307 Copenhagen K, Denmark;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Wilkinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Ceredigion SY23 3DA, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong-Keun","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Korea;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Damon P.","family":"Little","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cullman Program for Molecular Systematics, New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY, 10458-5126"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2002.2218"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0503123102"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tax.562004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8339.2008.00938.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.318.5848.190"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/451616b"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0000508"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0002802"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0709936105"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tax.574020"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-0998.2008.02439.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0004598"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tax.581003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-8286.2007.01748.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2008.1264"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/esr00141"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-0031.2006.00126.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2008.09.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkl938"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","first-page":"ix","volume-title":"Plant conservation: A natural history approach","author":"Janzen DH","year":"2005","unstructured":"DH Janzen Plant conservation: A natural history approach, eds G Krupnick, WJ Kress (University of Chicago Press, Chicago), pp. ix\u2013xiii (2005)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ympev.2007.01.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-0998.2009.02652.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1504\/IJCAT.2009.024595"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkh340"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.0905845106","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,23]],"date-time":"2022-05-23T17:00:27Z","timestamp":1653325227000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/full\/10.1073\/pnas.0905845106"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,4]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"31","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.0905845106"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0905845106","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2009-03-18","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2009-08-04","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}