{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T15:29:50Z","timestamp":1781105390338,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Life-history inference is an important aim of paleoprimatology, but life histories cannot be discerned directly from the fossil record. Among extant primates, the timing of many life-history attributes is correlated with the age at emergence of the first permanent molar (M1), which can therefore serve as a means to directly compare the life histories of fossil and extant species. To date, M1 emergence ages exist for only a small fraction of extant primate species and consist primarily of data from captive individuals, which may show accelerated dental eruption compared with free-living individuals. Data on M1 emergence ages in wild great apes exist for only a single chimpanzee individual, with data for gorillas and orangutans being anecdotal. This paucity of information limits our ability to make life-history inferences using the M1 emergence ages of extinct ape and hominin species. Here we report reliable ages at M1 emergence for the orangutan,\n                    <jats:italic>Pongo pygmaeus<\/jats:italic>\n                    (4.6 y), and the gorilla,\n                    <jats:italic>Gorilla gorilla<\/jats:italic>\n                    (3.8 y), obtained from the dental histology of wild-shot individuals in museum collections. These ages and the one reported age at M1 emergence in a free-living chimpanzee of approximately 4.0 y are highly concordant with the comparative life histories of these great apes. They are also consistent with the average age at M1 emergence in relation to the timing of life-history events in modern humans, thus confirming the utility of M1 emergence ages for life-history inference and providing a basis for making reliable life-history inferences for extinct apes and hominins.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0906206107","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,28]],"date-time":"2009-12-28T21:10:18Z","timestamp":1262034618000},"page":"1035-1040","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":77,"title":["Dental development and life history in living African and Asian apes"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"107","author":[{"given":"Jay","family":"Kelley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gary T.","family":"Schwartz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Human Origins and School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1989.tb04266.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330370608"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330660308"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0402635101"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330220315"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330890310"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.1350150104"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02381860"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02381856"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10764-006-9051-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2008.00867.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0047-2484(87)90074-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","first-page":"2799","article-title":"Tooth microstructure tracks the pace of human life history","volume":"273","author":"Dean MC","year":"2006","unstructured":"MC Dean, Tooth microstructure tracks the pace of human life history. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 273, 2799\u20132802 (2006).","journal-title":"Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2006.00499.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2007.09.020"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1012073601808"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2006.00500.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0047-2484(03)00005-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","first-page":"128","volume-title":"Interdisciplinary Dental Morphology","author":"Kelley J","unstructured":"J Kelley, MC Dean, S Ross Interdisciplinary Dental Morphology, eds T Koppe, G Meyer, KW Alt (Karger, Basel), pp. 128\u2013133"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","volume-title":"All About Gorillas","author":"Willoughby DP","year":"1978","unstructured":"DP Willoughby All About Gorillas (A.S. Barnes & Company, South Brunswick, NJ, 1978)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jhev.1995.1051"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511542565.004","volume-title":"Patterns of Growth and Development in the Genus Homo","author":"Liversidge H","year":"2003","unstructured":"H Liversidge Patterns of Growth and Development in the Genus Homo, eds JL Thompson, GE Krovitz, AJ Nelson (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge), pp. 73\u2013113 (2003)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.1350240307"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","first-page":"90","volume-title":"Mountain Gorillas: Three Decades of Research at Karisoke","author":"Yamagiwa J","year":"2001","unstructured":"J Yamagiwa, J Kahekwa Mountain Gorillas: Three Decades of Research at Karisoke, eds MM Robbins, P Sicotte, KJ Stewart (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge), pp. 90\u2013122 (2001)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C Boesch H Boesch-Achermann The Chimpanzees of the Ta\u00ef Forest: Behavioural Ecology and Evolution. (Oxford University Press Oxford 2000).","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198505082.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","first-page":"171","volume-title":"Orangutans: Geographic Variation in Behavioral Ecology and Conservation","author":"Knott CD","year":"2009","unstructured":"CD Knott, M Emery Thompson, SA Wich Orangutans: Geographic Variation in Behavioral Ecology and Conservation, eds SA Wich, SS Utami-Atmoko, T Mitra Setia, CP van Schaik (Oxford University Press, Oxford), pp. 171\u2013188 (2009)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1520-6505(2000)9:4<156::AID-EVAN5>3.0.CO;2-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2004.08.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000137705"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.20628"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","first-page":"187","article-title":"Recovery and preservation of a mountain gorilla skeletal resource in Rwanda","volume":"48","author":"McFarlin SC","year":"2009","unstructured":"SC McFarlin, et al., Recovery and preservation of a mountain gorilla skeletal resource in Rwanda. Am J Phys Anthropol S48, 187\u2013188 (2009).","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330860208"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330910402"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jhev.1998.0230"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jhev.1997.0185"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.10089"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.10106"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0707051104"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","article-title":"Dental development of the Ta\u00ef Forest chimpanzees revisited","author":"Smith TM","unstructured":"TM Smith, et al., Dental development of the Ta\u00ef Forest chimpanzees revisited. J Hum Evol, in press).","journal-title":"J Hum Evol"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jhev.2001.0469"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.0906206107","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,22]],"date-time":"2024-03-22T07:07:18Z","timestamp":1711091238000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/full\/10.1073\/pnas.0906206107"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,28]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,19]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.0906206107"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0906206107","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2009-12-28","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}