{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T03:07:16Z","timestamp":1791947236535,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"32","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Increases in arousal and activity in anticipation of a meal, termed \u201cfood anticipatory activity\u201d (FAA), depend on circadian food-entrainable oscillators (FEOs), whose locations and output signals have long been sought. It is known that ghrelin is secreted in anticipation of a regularly scheduled mealtime. We show here that ghrelin administration increases locomotor activity in nondeprived animals in the absence of food. In mice lacking ghrelin receptors, FAA is significantly reduced. Impressively, the cumulative rise of activity before food presentation closely approximates a Gaussian function (\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.99) for both wild-type and ghrelin receptor knockout animals, with the latter having a smaller amplitude. For both groups, once an animal begins its daily anticipatory bout, it keeps running until the usual time of food availability, indicating that ghrelin affects response threshold. Oxyntic cells coexpress ghrelin and the circadian clock proteins PER1 and PER2. The expression of PER1, PER2, and ghrelin is rhythmic in light\u2013dark cycles and in constant darkness with ad libitum food and after 48 h of food deprivation. In behaviorally arrhythmic-clock mutant mice, unlike control animals, there is no evidence of a premeal decrease in oxyntic cell ghrelin. Rhythmic ghrelin and PER expression are synchronized to prior feeding, and not to photic schedules. We conclude that oxyntic gland cells of the stomach contain FEOs, which produce a timed ghrelin output signal that acts widely at both brain and peripheral sites. It is likely that other FEOs also produce humoral signals that modulate FAA.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0906426106","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,24]],"date-time":"2009-07-24T21:39:06Z","timestamp":1248471546000},"page":"13582-13587","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":267,"title":["Stomach ghrelin-secreting cells as food-entrainable circadian clocks"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"106","author":[{"given":"Joseph","family":"LeSauter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Barnard College, 3009 Broadway, New York, NY 10027;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nawshin","family":"Hoque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Barnard College, 3009 Broadway, New York, NY 10027;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Weintraub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Columbia University, 1190 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY 10027;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donald W.","family":"Pfaff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neurobiology and Behavior, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rae","family":"Silver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Barnard College, 3009 Broadway, New York, NY 10027;"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, Columbia University, 1190 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY 10027;"},{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0149-7634(94)90023-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0748730407307811"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0748730407307810"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1740-3391-7-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2826.2006.01510.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/074873002129002591"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0604189103"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1153277"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1651"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00874.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2008.06.039"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2005.12.045"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0710096104"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-4328(80)90045-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9384(90)90076-G"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/074873049801300507"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1601-183X.2003.00005.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0902063106"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2004.05.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2005-0973"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00448.2007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2003-1718"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","first-page":"R1071","article-title":"Rhythms of ghrelin, leptin, and sleep in rats: Effects of the normal diurnal cycle, restricted feeding, and sleep deprivation","volume":"287","author":"Bodosi B","year":"2004","unstructured":"B Bodosi, et al., Rhythms of ghrelin, leptin, and sleep in rats: Effects of the normal diurnal cycle, restricted feeding, and sleep deprivation. 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