{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T01:27:18Z","timestamp":1790299638958,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"35","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Scientific studies of works of art are usually limited by severe sampling restrictions. The identification of organic colorants, a class of compounds relevant for attribution and provenance studies, is further complicated by the low concentrations at which these compounds are used and by the interference of the protein-, gum-, or oil-binding media present in pigment and glaze samples. Surface-enhanced resonance Raman scattering (SERRS) was successfully used to identify natural organic colorants in archaeological objects, polychrome sculptures, and paintings from samples smaller than 25 \u03bcm in diameter. The key factors in achieving the necessary sensitivity were a highly active stabilized silver colloid, obtained by the reproducible microwave-supported reduction of silver sulfate with glucose and sodium citrate, and a non-extractive hydrolysis sample treatment procedure that maximizes dye adsorption on the colloid. Among the examples presented are the earliest so far found occurrence of madder lake (in a 4,000 years old Egyptian object dating to the Middle Kingdom period), and the earliest known occurrence in Europe of the South Asian dyestuff lac (in the Morgan Madonna, a 12\n                    <jats:sup>th<\/jats:sup>\n                    century polychrome sculpture from Auvergne, France).\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0906995106","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,10]],"date-time":"2009-08-10T21:28:49Z","timestamp":1249939729000},"page":"14757-14762","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":166,"title":["Microanalysis of organic pigments and glazes in polychrome works of art by surface-enhanced resonance Raman scattering"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"106","author":[{"given":"Marco","family":"Leona","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Scientific Research, The Metropolitan Museum of Art,1000 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10028"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","volume-title":"The Colourful Past","author":"Hofenk de Graaff JH","year":"2004","unstructured":"JH Hofenk de Graaff The Colourful Past (Abegg-Stiftung, Riggisberg, and Archetype, London, 2004)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","first-page":"109","volume-title":"Artists' Pigments: A Handbook of Their History and Characteristics","author":"Schweppe H","year":"1997","unstructured":"H Schweppe, J Winter Artists' Pigments: A Handbook of Their History and Characteristics, ed E West Fitzhugh (National Gallery of Art, Washington DC) Vol 3, 109\u2013142 (1997)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","first-page":"255","volume-title":"Artists' Pigments: A Handbook of Their History and Characteristics","author":"Schweppe H","year":"1986","unstructured":"H Schweppe, H Roosen-Runge Artists' Pigments: A Handbook of Their History and Characteristics, ed RL Feller (National Gallery of Art, Washington DC) Vol 1, 255\u2013283 (1986)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1179\/sic.2001.46.3.153","article-title":"Fiber optics reflectance spectroscopy: A unique tool for the investigation of Japanese paintings","volume":"46","author":"Leona M","year":"2001","unstructured":"M Leona, J Winter, Fiber optics reflectance spectroscopy: A unique tool for the investigation of Japanese paintings. Stud Conserv 46, 153\u2013162 (2001).","journal-title":"Stud Conserv"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","first-page":"96","article-title":"Raman microscopy in art history and conservation science","volume":"2","author":"Smith G","year":"2001","unstructured":"G Smith, RJH Clark, Raman microscopy in art history and conservation science. Rev Conserv 2, 96\u2013106 (2001).","journal-title":"Rev Conserv"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-0728(77)80224-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-2614(74)85388-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","first-page":"659","volume-title":"ICOM Committee for Conservation: 8th Triennial Meeting, Sidney, Australia, 6-11 September, 1987. 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National Gallery Technical Bulletin 17, 56\u201380 (1996).","journal-title":"National Gallery Technical Bulletin"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","first-page":"214","volume-title":"The Pigment Compendium: A Dictionary of Historical Pigments","author":"Eastaugh N","year":"2004","unstructured":"N Eastaugh, V Walsh, T Chaplin, R Siddall The Pigment Compendium: A Dictionary of Historical Pigments (Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford and Burlington), pp. 214 (2004)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","first-page":"144","volume-title":"A History of the Commerce between the Levant and Europe from the Crusades to the Founding of the American Colonies, Volume 1 (Histoire du Commerce entre le Levant et l'Europe depuis les Croisades jusqu'\u00e0 la Fondation des Colonies d'Am\u00e9rique. 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