{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T07:35:49Z","timestamp":1791272149422,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"46","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Trypanosoma brucei<\/jats:italic>\n                    , a parasitic protist with a single flagellum, is the causative agent of African sleeping sickness. Propulsion of\n                    <jats:italic>T. brucei<\/jats:italic>\n                    was long believed to be by a drill-like, helical motion. Using millisecond differential interference-contrast microscopy and analyzing image sequences of cultured procyclic-form and bloodstream-form parasites, as well as bloodstream-form cells in infected mouse blood, we find that, instead, motility of\n                    <jats:italic>T. brucei<\/jats:italic>\n                    is by the propagation of kinks, separating left-handed and right-handed helical waves. Kink-driven motility, previously encountered in prokaryotes, permits\n                    <jats:italic>T. brucei<\/jats:italic>\n                    a helical propagation mechanism while avoiding the large viscous drag associated with a net rotation of the broad end of its tapering body. Our study demonstrates that millisecond differential interference-contrast microscopy can be a useful tool for uncovering important short-time features of microorganism locomotion.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0907001106","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,30]],"date-time":"2009-10-30T22:11:00Z","timestamp":1256940660000},"page":"19322-19327","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":72,"title":["Propulsion of African trypanosomes is driven by bihelical waves with alternating chirality separated by kinks"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"106","author":[{"given":"Jose A.","family":"Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Biology Institute,"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miguel A.","family":"Lopez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology Immunology and Molecular Genetics, The David Geffen School of Medicine, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle C.","family":"Thayer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology Immunology and Molecular Genetics, The David Geffen School of Medicine, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunzhe","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Oberholzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology Immunology and Molecular Genetics, The David Geffen School of Medicine, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donald 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