{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T14:57:48Z","timestamp":1791039468584,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"50","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Insect hemocytes mediate important cellular immune responses including phagocytosis and encapsulation and also secrete immune factors such as opsonins, melanization factors, and antimicrobial peptides. However, the molecular composition of these important immune cells has not been elucidated in depth, because of their scarcity in the circulating hemolymph, their adhesion to multiple tissues and the lack of primary culture methods to produce sufficient material for a genome-wide analysis. In this study, we report a genome-wide molecular characterization of circulating hemocytes collected from the hemolymph of adult female\n                    <jats:italic>Anopheles gambiae<\/jats:italic>\n                    mosquitoes\u2014the major mosquito vector of human malaria in subSaharan Africa. Their molecular profile identified 1,485 transcripts with enriched expression in these cells, and many of these genes belong to innate immune gene families. This hemocyte-specific transcriptome is compared to those of\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Drosophila melanogaster<\/jats:named-content>\n                    and two other mosquitoes,\n                    <jats:italic>Aedes aegypti<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Armigeres subalbatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    . We report the identification of two genes as ubiquitous hemocyte markers and several others as hemocyte subpopulation markers. We assess, via an RNAi screen, the roles in development of\n                    <jats:italic>Plasmodium berghei<\/jats:italic>\n                    of 63 genes expressed in hemocytes and provide a molecular comparison of the transcriptome of these cells during malaria infection.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0909463106","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,26]],"date-time":"2009-11-26T00:12:03Z","timestamp":1259194323000},"page":"21270-21275","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":99,"title":["Discovery of\n                    <i>Plasmodium<\/i>\n                    modulators by genome-wide analysis of circulating hemocytes in\n                    <i>Anopheles gambiae<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"106","author":[{"given":"Sofia B.","family":"Pinto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Natural Sciences, Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, South Kensington Campus, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Lombardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Natural Sciences, Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, South Kensington Campus, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anastasios C.","family":"Koutsos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Natural Sciences, Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, South Kensington Campus, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert M.","family":"Waterhouse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Natural Sciences, Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, South Kensington Campus, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krista","family":"McKay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biology, 267 Chalmers Hall, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-4901"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunju","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biology, 267 Chalmers Hall, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-4901"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chandra","family":"Ramakrishnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Natural Sciences, Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, South Kensington Campus, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fotis C.","family":"Kafatos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Natural Sciences, Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, South Kensington Campus, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristin","family":"Michel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Natural Sciences, Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, South Kensington Campus, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom; and"},{"name":"Division of Biology, 267 Chalmers Hall, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-4901"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3282948"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0965-1748(02)00092-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2003.11.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2004.00462.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00418-002-0408-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibmb.2006.08.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-39.1.61"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1645\/0022-3395(2003)089[0062:RPAMOB]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.7.4114-4126.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2006.12.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(01)00267-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(04)00173-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2006.08.019"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M506191200"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0508335102"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3590099"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7519(87)90059-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1077136"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.17.11727"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.97.13.7136"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkm845"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2004.04.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.25.022106.141615"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-10-257"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1091789"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2007.09.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M807084200"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1139862"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-41.3.447"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.embor.7400478"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2006.00718.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2583.1996.tb00055.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","first-page":"67","volume-title":"Molecular Biology of Insect Disease Vectors: A Methods Manual","author":"Sinden RE","year":"1996","unstructured":"RE Sinden, Infection of mosquitoes with rodent malaria. 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