{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T09:32:00Z","timestamp":1793352720533,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"13","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Malaria therapy, experimental, and epidemiological studies have shown that erythrocyte Duffy blood group-negative people, largely of African ancestry, are resistant to erythrocyte\n                    <jats:italic>Plasmodium vivax<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection. These findings established a paradigm that the Duffy antigen is required for\n                    <jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic>\n                    erythrocyte invasion.\n                    <jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic>\n                    is endemic in Madagascar, where admixture of Duffy-negative and Duffy-positive populations of diverse ethnic backgrounds has occurred over 2 millennia. There, we investigated susceptibility to\n                    <jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic>\n                    blood-stage infection and disease in association with Duffy blood group polymorphism. Duffy blood group genotyping identified 72% Duffy-negative individuals (\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      FY*B\n                      <jats:sup>ES<\/jats:sup>\n                      \/*B\n                      <jats:sup>ES<\/jats:sup>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    ) in community surveys conducted at eight sentinel sites. Flow cytometry and adsorption\u2013elution results confirmed the absence of Duffy antigen expression on Duffy-negative erythrocytes.\n                    <jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic>\n                    PCR positivity was observed in 8.8% (42\/476) of asymptomatic Duffy-negative people. Clinical vivax malaria was identified in Duffy-negative subjects with nine\n                    <jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic>\n                    monoinfections and eight mixed\n                    <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>\n                    species infections that included\n                    <jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic>\n                    (4.9 and 4.4% of 183 participants, respectively). Microscopy examination of blood smears confirmed blood-stage development of\n                    <jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic>\n                    , including gametocytes. Genotyping of polymorphic surface and microsatellite markers suggested that multiple\n                    <jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic>\n                    strains were infecting Duffy-negative people. In Madagascar,\n                    <jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic>\n                    has broken through its dependence on the Duffy antigen for establishing human blood-stage infection and disease. Further studies are necessary to identify the parasite and host molecules that enable this Duffy-independent\n                    <jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic>\n                    invasion of human erythrocytes.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0912496107","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,15]],"date-time":"2010-03-15T23:59:34Z","timestamp":1268697574000},"page":"5967-5971","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":356,"title":["<i>Plasmodium vivax<\/i>\n                    clinical malaria is commonly observed in Duffy-negative Malagasy people"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"107","author":[{"given":"Didier","family":"M\u00e9nard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Unit\u00e9 de Recherche sur le Paludisme, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar;"},{"name":"Institut Pasteur, Unit\u00e9 d'Immunologie Mol\u00e9culaire des Parasites, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unit\u00e9 de Recherche Associ\u00e9e 2581, Paris 75724 cedex 15, France;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9line","family":"Barnadas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Unit\u00e9 de Recherche sur le Paludisme, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar;"},{"name":"Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106-7286;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christiane","family":"Bouchier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Pasteur, Plate-forme G\u00e9nomique, Paris 75724 cedex 15, France;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cara","family":"Henry-Halldin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106-7286;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurie R.","family":"Gray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106-7286;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ars\u00e8ne","family":"Ratsimbasoa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Minist\u00e8re de la Sant\u00e9, du Planning Familial et de la Protection Sociale, Direction de la Lutte contre les Maladies Infectieuses, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincent","family":"Thonier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Unit\u00e9 de Recherche sur le Paludisme, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Carod","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Centre de Biologie Clinique, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivier","family":"Domarle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Unit\u00e9 de Recherche sur le Paludisme, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yves","family":"Colin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut National de Transfusion Sanguine, Unit\u00e9 Mixte de Recherche-S 665 Inserm\/Universit\u00e9 Paris Diderot, Paris 75739 cedex 15, France; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivier","family":"Bertrand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut National de Transfusion Sanguine, Unit\u00e9 Mixte de Recherche-S 665 Inserm\/Universit\u00e9 Paris Diderot, Paris 75739 cedex 15, France; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julien","family":"Picot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut National de Transfusion Sanguine, Unit\u00e9 Mixte de Recherche-S 665 Inserm\/Universit\u00e9 Paris Diderot, Paris 75739 cedex 15, France; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher L.","family":"King","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106-7286;"},{"name":"Veterans Affairs Research Service, Cleveland, OH 44106"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian T.","family":"Grimberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106-7286;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Odile","family":"Mercereau-Puijalon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Pasteur, Unit\u00e9 d'Immunologie Mol\u00e9culaire des Parasites, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unit\u00e9 de Recherche Associ\u00e9e 2581, Paris 75724 cedex 15, France;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter A.","family":"Zimmerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106-7286;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","first-page":"485","article-title":"Studies on benign tertian malaria. 4. 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J Am Med Assoc 89, 95\u2013100 (1927).","journal-title":"J Am Med Assoc"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511546259.007","volume-title":"Infectious Disease and Host-Pathogen Evolution","author":"Zimmerman PA","year":"2004","unstructured":"PA Zimmerman Infectious Disease and Host-Pathogen Evolution, ed KR Dronamraju (Cambridge Univ Press, New York), pp. 141\u2013172 (2004)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","volume-title":"Human Polymorphic Genes: World Distribution","author":"Roychoudhury AK","year":"1988","unstructured":"AK Roychoudhury, M Nei Human Polymorphic Genes: World Distribution (Oxford Univ Press, New York, 1988)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","first-page":"661","article-title":"Malaria in French West Africa","volume":"21","author":"Escudie A","year":"1961","unstructured":"A Escudie, J Hamon, Malaria in French West Africa. Med Trop (Mars) 21, 661\u2013687 (1961).","journal-title":"Med Trop (Mars)"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197608052950602","article-title":"The resistance factor to Plasmodium vivax in blacks. The Duffy-blood-group genotype, FyFy","volume":"295","author":"Miller LH","year":"1976","unstructured":"LH Miller, SJ Mason, DF Clyde, MH McGinniss, The resistance factor to Plasmodium vivax in blacks. The Duffy-blood-group genotype, FyFy. 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J Exp Med 146, 277\u2013281 (1977).","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1145213","article-title":"Erythrocyte receptors for (Plasmodium knowlesi) malaria: Duffy blood group determinants","volume":"189","author":"Miller LH","year":"1975","unstructured":"LH Miller, SJ Mason, JA Dvorak, MH McGinniss, IK Rothman, Erythrocyte receptors for (Plasmodium knowlesi) malaria: Duffy blood group determinants. 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