{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T19:42:24Z","timestamp":1792179744562,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"15","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    This study shows that residual nicotine from tobacco smoke sorbed to indoor surfaces reacts with ambient nitrous acid (HONO) to form carcinogenic tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs). Substantial levels of TSNAs were measured on surfaces inside a smoker\u2019s vehicle. Laboratory experiments using cellulose as a model indoor material yielded a &gt;\u00a010-fold increase of surface-bound TSNAs when sorbed secondhand smoke was exposed to 60\u00a0ppbv HONO for 3\u00a0hours. In both cases we identified 1-(\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    -methyl-\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    -nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridinyl)-4-butanal, a TSNA absent in freshly emitted tobacco smoke, as the major product. The potent carcinogens 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridinyl)-1-butanone and\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    -nitroso nornicotine were also detected. Time-course measurements revealed fast TSNA formation, with up to 0.4% conversion of nicotine. Given the rapid sorption and persistence of high levels of nicotine on indoor surfaces\u2014including clothing and human skin\u2014this recently identified process represents an unappreciated health hazard through dermal exposure, dust inhalation, and ingestion. These findings raise concerns about exposures to the tobacco smoke residue that has been recently dubbed \u201cthirdhand smoke.\u201d Our work highlights the importance of reactions at indoor interfaces, particularly those involving amines and NO\n                    <jats:sub>\n                      <jats:italic>x<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:sub>\n                    \/HONO cycling, with potential health impacts.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0912820107","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,8]],"date-time":"2010-02-08T21:53:28Z","timestamp":1265666008000},"page":"6576-6581","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":390,"title":["Formation of carcinogens indoors by surface-mediated reactions of nicotine with nitrous acid, leading to potential\n                    <i>thirdhand smoke<\/i>\n                    hazards"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"107","author":[{"given":"Mohamad","family":"Sleiman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Indoor Environment Department, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, MS 70-108B, Berkeley, CA 94720;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lara A.","family":"Gundel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indoor Environment Department, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, MS 70-108B, Berkeley, CA 94720;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James F.","family":"Pankow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, Portland, OR 97201;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"III","given":"Peyton","family":"Jacob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Medicine and Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, CA 94143; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brett C.","family":"Singer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indoor Environment Department, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, MS 70-108B, Berkeley, CA 94720;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hugo","family":"Destaillats","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indoor Environment Department, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, MS 70-108B, Berkeley, CA 94720;"},{"name":"School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","volume-title":"Tobacco Smoke and Involuntary Smoking","year":"2004","unstructured":"Tobacco Smoke and Involuntary Smoking (International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France) Vol 83 (2004)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","unstructured":"The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke: A Report of the Surgeon General (Center for Disease Control and Prevention Atlanta GAhttp:\/\/www.surgeongeneral.com\/library\/secondhandsmoke\/report\/. 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