{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T08:47:35Z","timestamp":1791103655572,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,26]]},"abstract":"\n The factors that enhance the waterborne spread of bacterial epidemics and sustain the pathogens in nature are unclear. The epidemic diarrheal disease cholera caused by\n Vibrio cholerae<\/jats:italic>\n spreads through water contaminated with the pathogen. However, the bacteria exist in water mostly as clumps of cells, which resist cultivation by standard techniques but revive into fully virulent form in the intestinal milieu. These conditionally viable environmental cells (CVEC), alternatively called viable but nonculturable cells, presumably play a crucial role in cholera epidemiology. However, the precise mechanism causing the transition of\n V. cholerae<\/jats:italic>\n to the CVEC form and this form's significance in the biology of the pathogen are unknown. Here we show that this process involves biofilm formation that is dependent on quorum sensing, a regulatory response that is controlled by cell density.\n V. cholerae<\/jats:italic>\n strains carrying mutations in genes required for quorum sensing and biofilm formation displayed altered CVEC formation in environmental water following intestinal infections. Analysis of naturally occurring\n V. cholerae<\/jats:italic>\n CVEC showed that organisms that adopt this quiescent physiological state typically exist as clumps of cells that comprise a single clone closely related to isolates causing the most recent local cholera epidemic. These results support a model of cholera transmission in which in vivo-formed biofilms convert to CVEC upon the introduction of cholera stools into environmental water. Our data further suggest that a temporary loss of quorum sensing due to dilution of extracellular autoinducers confers a selective advantage to communities of\n V. cholerae<\/jats:italic>\n by blocking quorum-mediated regulatory responses that would break down biofilms and thus interfere with CVEC formation.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0913404107","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,4]],"date-time":"2010-01-04T21:36:36Z","timestamp":1262640996000},"page":"1588-1593","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":75,"title":["Quorum-regulated biofilms enhance the development of conditionally viable, environmental\n Vibrio cholerae<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"107","author":[{"given":"M.","family":"Kamruzzaman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Genetics Laboratory, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. M. Nashir","family":"Udden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Genetics Laboratory, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D. Ewen","family":"Cameron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen B.","family":"Calderwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G. Balakrish","family":"Nair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, 700 010 India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John J.","family":"Mekalanos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shah M.","family":"Faruque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Genetics Laboratory, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1002-217"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2003.03688.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1534-5807(03)00295-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.052694299"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.62.4.1301-1314.1998"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0601277103"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0502069102"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0408992102"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2204"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature00778"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2006.05096.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","volume-title":"On the Mode of Communication of Cholera","author":"Snow J","year":"1855","unstructured":"J Snow On the Mode of Communication of Cholera (J. Churchill, , 2nd Ed, London, 1855).","edition":"2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.8.1.48"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","first-page":"335","article-title":"Presence of vibrios in surface water and their relation with cholera in a community","volume":"36","author":"Khan MU","year":"1984","unstructured":"MU Khan, MD Shahidullah, MS Haque, WU Ahmed, Presence of vibrios in surface water and their relation with cholera in a community. Trop Geogr Med 36, 335\u2013340 (1984).","journal-title":"Trop Geogr Med"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/129.1.45"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","first-page":"117","volume-title":"Vibrio cholerae and Cholera: Molecular to Global Perspectives","author":"Colwell RR","year":"1994","unstructured":"RR Colwell, A Huq Vibrio cholerae and Cholera: Molecular to Global Perspectives, eds IK Wachsmuth, PA Blake, O Olsvik (ASM Press, Washington, DC), pp. 117\u2013133 (1994)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/500953"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.14.2.527-547.1976"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1700660228"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0803281105"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.178.14.4157-4165.1996"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.12.7046"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.4.1639"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00541-08"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.45.11.2991-3000.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1128\/9781555817886","volume-title":"Antibiotics: Actions, Origins, Resistance","author":"Walsh C","year":"2003","unstructured":"C Walsh Antibiotics: Actions, Origins, Resistance (ASM Press, Washington, DC), pp. 89\u2013156 (2003)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(61)90090-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","volume-title":"World Health Organization guidelines for the laboratory diagnosis of cholera","year":"1974","unstructured":"World Health Organization guidelines for the laboratory diagnosis of cholera (Bacterial Disease Unit, WHO, Geneva, 1974)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.33.11.2833-2838.1995"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/45.4_ts.493"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0308485100"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.272.5270.1910"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.81.11.3471"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","volume-title":"Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual","author":"Maniatis T","year":"1982","unstructured":"T Maniatis, EF Fritsch, J Sambrook Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 1982)."}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.0913404107","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,12]],"date-time":"2022-04-12T18:51:44Z","timestamp":1649789504000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/full\/10.1073\/pnas.0913404107"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,4]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,26]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.0913404107"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0913404107","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2010-01-04","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}