{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T23:43:33Z","timestamp":1792194213617,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"20","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The last decade has seen numerous outbreaks of\n                    <jats:italic>Clostridium difficile<\/jats:italic>\n                    -associated disease (CDAD), which presented significant challenges for healthcare facilities worldwide. We have identified and purified thuricin CD, a two-component antimicrobial that shows activity against\n                    <jats:italic>C. difficile<\/jats:italic>\n                    in the nanomolar range. Thuricin CD is produced by\n                    <jats:italic>Bacillus thuringiensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    DPC 6431, a bacterial strain isolated from a human fecal sample, and it consists of two distinct peptides, Trn-\u03b1 and Trn-\u03b2, that act synergistically to kill a wide range of clinical\n                    <jats:italic>C. difficile<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates, including ribotypes commonly associated with CDAD (e.g., ribotype 027). However, this bacteriocin thuricin CD has little impact on most other genera, including many gastrointestinal commensals. Complete amino acid sequencing using infusion tandem mass spectrometry indicated that each peptide is posttranslationally modified at its respective 21st, 25th, and 28th residues. Solution NMR studies on [\n                    <jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>\n                    C,\n                    <jats:sup>15<\/jats:sup>\n                    N] Trn-\u03b1 and [\n                    <jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>\n                    C,\n                    <jats:sup>15<\/jats:sup>\n                    N]Trn-\u03b2 were used to characterize these modifications. Analysis of multidimensional NOESY data shows that specific cysteines are linked to the \u03b1-carbons of the modified residues, forming three sulfur to \u03b1-carbon bridges. Complete sequencing of the thuricin CD gene cluster revealed genes capable of encoding two S\u2032-adenosylmethionine proteins that are characteristically associated with unusual posttranslational modifications. Thuricin CD is a two-component antimicrobial peptide system with sulfur to \u03b1-carbon linkages, and it may have potential as a targeted therapy in the treatment of CDAD while also reducing collateral impact on the commensal flora.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0913554107","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,30]],"date-time":"2010-04-30T22:15:21Z","timestamp":1272665721000},"page":"9352-9357","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":500,"title":["Thuricin CD, a posttranslationally modified bacteriocin with a narrow spectrum of activity against\n                    <i>Clostridium difficile<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"107","author":[{"given":"Mary C.","family":"Rea","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotechnology Department, Teagasc, Moorepark Food Research Centre, Fermoy, Ireland;"},{"name":"Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, Cork, Ireland;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clarissa S.","family":"Sit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2G2; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evelyn","family":"Clayton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotechnology Department, Teagasc, Moorepark Food Research Centre, Fermoy, Ireland;"},{"name":"Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, Cork, Ireland;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paula M.","family":"O'Connor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotechnology Department, Teagasc, Moorepark Food Research Centre, Fermoy, Ireland;"},{"name":"Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, Cork, Ireland;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Randy M.","family":"Whittal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2G2; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2G2; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John C.","family":"Vederas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2G2; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. Paul","family":"Ross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotechnology Department, Teagasc, Moorepark Food Research Centre, Fermoy, Ireland;"},{"name":"Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, Cork, Ireland;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Colin","family":"Hill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, Cork, Ireland;"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University College, Cork, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.6114.695"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","unstructured":"; Center for Infections Mandatory Surveillance Team Health Protection Agency Summary points and commentary on quarterly calendar year and financial year Clostridium difficile data derived from Mandatory Surveillance. January 2009. 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