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In response to lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection, the immunosuppressive cytokine IL-10 is rapidly up-regulated; however, how IL-10 is regulating what is often considered an \u201coptimal\u201d immune response is unclear. We demonstrate that IL-10 directly inhibits effector and memory CD4 T cell responses following an acutely resolved viral infection. Blockade of IL-10 enhanced the magnitude and the functional capacity of effector CD4 T cells that translated into increased and more effective memory responses. On the other hand, lack of IL-10 signaling did not impact memory CD8 T cell development. We propose that blockade of IL-10 may be an effective adjuvant to specifically enhance CD4 T cell immunity and protection following vaccination.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0914500107","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,26]],"date-time":"2010-01-26T23:49:26Z","timestamp":1264549766000},"page":"3018-3023","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":138,"title":["IL-10 directly suppresses CD4 but not CD8 T cell effector and memory responses following acute viral infection"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"107","author":[{"given":"David G.","family":"Brooks","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics and the UCLA AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, CA 90095; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin B.","family":"Walsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viral-Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Immunology and Microbial Science and Department of Infectology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heidi","family":"Elsaesser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics and the UCLA AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, CA 90095; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael B. 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