{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T10:58:55Z","timestamp":1791197935467,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,5,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Targeted disruption of the histidine decarboxylase gene (HDC\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    ), the only histamine-synthesizing enzyme, led to a histamine-deficient mice characterized by undetectable tissue histamine levels, impaired gastric acid secretion, impaired passive cutaneous anaphylaxis, and decreased mast cell degranulation. We used this model to study the role of histamine in bone physiology. Compared with WT mice, HDC\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    mice receiving a histamine-free diet had increased bone mineral density, increased cortical bone thickness, higher rate of bone formation, and a marked decrease in osteoclasts. After ovariectomy, cortical and trabecular bone loss was reduced by 50% in HDC\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    mice compared with WT. Histamine deficiency protected the skeleton from osteoporosis directly, by inhibiting osteoclastogenesis, and indirectly, by increasing calcitriol synthesis. Quantitative RT-PCR showed elevated 25-hydroxyvitamin D-1\u03b1-hydroxylase and markedly decreased 25-hydroxyvitamin D-24-hydroxylase mRNA levels. Serum parameters confirming this indirect effect included elevated calcitriol, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase, and receptor activator of NF-\u03baB ligand concentrations, and suppressed parathyroid hormone concentrations in HDC\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    mice compared with WT mice. After ovariectomy, histamine-deficient mice were protected from bone loss by the combination of increased bone formation and reduced bone resorption.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0934373100","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,5,13]],"date-time":"2003-05-13T14:28:41Z","timestamp":1052836121000},"page":"6027-6032","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":85,"title":["Targeted deletion of histidine decarboxylase gene in mice increases bone formation and protects against ovariectomy-induced bone loss"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"100","author":[{"given":"L. A.","family":"Fitzpatrick","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cell Biochemistry and Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; Divisions of Endocrinology, Metabolism, Diabetes and Nutrition, and Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Foundation, Rochester, MN 55905; Samuel Lunenfeld Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1X5; and Departments of Genetics, Cell Biology and Immunobiology, and Diagnostic Radiology and Oncotherapy, and First..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Buzas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cell Biochemistry and Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; Divisions of Endocrinology, Metabolism, Diabetes and Nutrition, and Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Foundation, Rochester, MN 55905; Samuel Lunenfeld Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1X5; and Departments of Genetics, Cell Biology and Immunobiology, and Diagnostic Radiology and Oncotherapy, and First..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T. J.","family":"Gagne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cell Biochemistry and Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; Divisions of Endocrinology, Metabolism, Diabetes and Nutrition, and Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Foundation, Rochester, MN 55905; Samuel Lunenfeld Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1X5; and Departments of Genetics, Cell Biology and Immunobiology, and Diagnostic Radiology and Oncotherapy, and First..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Nagy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cell Biochemistry and Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; Divisions of Endocrinology, Metabolism, Diabetes and Nutrition, and Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Foundation, Rochester, MN 55905; Samuel Lunenfeld Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1X5; and Departments of Genetics, Cell Biology and Immunobiology, and Diagnostic Radiology and Oncotherapy, and First..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Horvath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cell Biochemistry and Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; Divisions of Endocrinology, Metabolism, Diabetes and Nutrition, and Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Foundation, Rochester, MN 55905; Samuel Lunenfeld Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1X5; and Departments of Genetics, Cell Biology and Immunobiology, and Diagnostic Radiology and Oncotherapy, and First..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V.","family":"Ferencz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cell Biochemistry and Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; Divisions of Endocrinology, Metabolism, Diabetes and Nutrition, and Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Foundation, Rochester, MN 55905; Samuel Lunenfeld Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1X5; and Departments of Genetics, Cell Biology and Immunobiology, and Diagnostic Radiology and Oncotherapy, and First..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Mester","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cell Biochemistry and Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; Divisions of Endocrinology, Metabolism, Diabetes and Nutrition, and Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Foundation, Rochester, MN 55905; Samuel Lunenfeld Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1X5; and Departments of Genetics, Cell Biology and Immunobiology, and Diagnostic Radiology and Oncotherapy, and First..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Kari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cell Biochemistry and Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; Divisions of Endocrinology, Metabolism, Diabetes and Nutrition, and Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Foundation, Rochester, MN 55905; Samuel Lunenfeld Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1X5; and Departments of Genetics, Cell Biology and Immunobiology, and Diagnostic Radiology and Oncotherapy, and First..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Ruan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cell Biochemistry and Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; Divisions of Endocrinology, Metabolism, Diabetes and Nutrition, and Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Foundation, Rochester, MN 55905; Samuel Lunenfeld Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1X5; and Departments of Genetics, Cell Biology and Immunobiology, and Diagnostic Radiology and Oncotherapy, and First..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Falus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cell Biochemistry and Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; Divisions of Endocrinology, Metabolism, Diabetes and Nutrition, and Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Foundation, Rochester, MN 55905; Samuel Lunenfeld Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1X5; and Departments of Genetics, Cell Biology and Immunobiology, and Diagnostic Radiology and Oncotherapy, and First..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Barsony","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cell Biochemistry and Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; Divisions of Endocrinology, Metabolism, Diabetes and Nutrition, and Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Foundation, Rochester, MN 55905; Samuel Lunenfeld Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1X5; and Departments of Genetics, Cell Biology and Immunobiology, and Diagnostic Radiology and Oncotherapy, and First..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","first-page":"83","volume":"79","author":"Boyce B F","year":"1999","unstructured":"B F Boyce, D E Hughes, K R Wright, L Xing, A Dai Lab Invest 79, 83\u201394 (1999).","journal-title":"Lab Invest"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2001.tb04020.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.283.24.3211"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.1999.14.6.953"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.324.7335.435"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(01)00629-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.1993.tb00723.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.97.4.1566"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.130200197"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.251534698"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)80209-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.1700451"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4644(199701)64:1<128::AID-JCB15>3.0.CO;2-H"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/236385a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/302832a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4652(199710)173:1<10::AID-JCP2>3.0.CO;2-M"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0742-8413(87)90102-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","first-page":"E141","volume":"244","author":"Goldhaber P","year":"1983","unstructured":"P Goldhaber, L Rabadjija Am J Physiol 244, E141\u2013E144 (1983).","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Gennes C. 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