{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T07:16:16Z","timestamp":1790493376679,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"20","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Evolution of flight in maniraptoran dinosaurs is marked by the acquisition of distinct avian characters, such as feathers, as seen in\n                    <jats:italic>Archaeopteryx<\/jats:italic>\n                    from the Solnhofen limestone. These rare fossils were pivotal in confirming the dinosauria-avian lineage. One of the key derived avian characters is the possession of feathers, details of which were remarkably preserved in the Lagerst\u00e4tte environment. These structures were previously simply assumed to be impressions; however, a detailed chemical analysis has, until now, never been completed on any\n                    <jats:italic>Archaeopteryx<\/jats:italic>\n                    specimen. Here we present chemical imaging via synchrotron rapid scanning X-ray fluorescence (SRS-XRF) of the Thermopolis\n                    <jats:italic>Archaeopteryx<\/jats:italic>\n                    , which shows that portions of the feathers are not impressions but are in fact remnant body fossil structures, maintaining elemental compositions that are completely different from the embedding geological matrix. Our results indicate phosphorous and sulfur retention in soft tissue as well as trace metal (Zn and Cu) retention in bone. Other previously unknown chemical details of\n                    <jats:italic>Archaeopteryx<\/jats:italic>\n                    are also revealed in this study including: bone chemistry, taphonomy (fossilization process), and curation artifacts. SRS-XRF represents a major advancement in the study of the life chemistry and fossilization processes of\n                    <jats:italic>Archaeopteryx<\/jats:italic>\n                    and other extinct organisms because it is now practical to image the chemistry of large specimens rapidly at concentration levels of parts per million. This technique has wider application to the archaeological, forensic, and biological sciences, enabling the mapping of \u201cunseen\u201d compounds critical to understanding biological structures, modes of preservation, and environmental context.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1001569107","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,11]],"date-time":"2010-05-11T00:20:03Z","timestamp":1273537203000},"page":"9060-9065","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":87,"title":["<i>Archaeopteryx<\/i>\n                    feathers and bone chemistry fully revealed via synchrotron imaging"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"107","author":[{"given":"U.","family":"Bergmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanford Linear Accelerator Center National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, Menlo Park, CA 94025;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. W.","family":"Morton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children of the Middle Waters Institute, Bartlesville, OK, 74003;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P. L.","family":"Manning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth, Atmospheric, and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom;"},{"name":"Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W. I.","family":"Sellers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Farrar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Black Hills Institute of Geological Research, Inc., Hill City, SD, 57745; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K. G.","family":"Huntley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children of the Middle Waters Institute, Bartlesville, OK, 74003;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. A.","family":"Wogelius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth, Atmospheric, and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom;"},{"name":"Williamson Research Centre for Molecular Environmental Science, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Larson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth, Atmospheric, and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom;"},{"name":"Black Hills Institute of Geological Research, Inc., Hill City, SD, 57745; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","first-page":"678","article-title":"Archaeopteryx lithographica","volume":"1861","author":"von Meyer H","year":"1861","unstructured":"H von Meyer, Archaeopteryx lithographica. Neues Jahrbuch f\u00fcr Mineralogie, Geologie und Pal\u00e4ontologie 1861, 678\u2013679 (1861).","journal-title":"Neues Jahrbuch f\u00fcr Mineralogie, Geologie und Pal\u00e4ontologie"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crpv.2008.11.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1120331"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-3642.2006.00245.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118521014"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511610561"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1154\/S0376030800018693"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","volume-title":"52nd Annual Denver X-ray Conference Abstracts","author":"Havrilla GJ","year":"2003","unstructured":"GJ Havrilla, RW Morton, TC Miller, KG Huntley, Stereoview elemental x-ray imaging. 52nd Annual Denver X-ray Conference Abstracts (International Center for Diffraction Data, Newton Square, PA) Vol 212 (2003)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.178.4061.608"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1103524"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/2058-7058\/20\/11\/39"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","first-page":"257","article-title":"X-rays illuminate ancient writings","volume":"435","author":"Wright ME","year":"2005","unstructured":"ME Wright, X-rays illuminate ancient writings. 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