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Here we demonstrate that viral-targeted, tissue-specific expression of the light-activated channelrhodopsin (ChR2) in LA pyramidal cells permitted optical control of LA neuronal activity. Using this approach we then paired an auditory sensory cue with optical stimulation of LA pyramidal neurons instead of an aversive stimulus. Subsequently presentation of the tone alone produced behavioral fear responses. These results demonstrate in vivo optogenetic control of LA neurons and provide compelling support for the idea that fear learning is instructed by aversive stimulus-induced activation of LA pyramidal cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1002418107","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,25]],"date-time":"2010-06-25T22:40:14Z","timestamp":1277505614000},"page":"12692-12697","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":274,"title":["Optical activation of lateral amygdala pyramidal cells instructs associative fear learning"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"107","author":[{"given":"Joshua P.","family":"Johansen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Neural Science,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroki","family":"Hamanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Neural Science,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie H.","family":"Monfils","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Neural Science,"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rudy","family":"Behnia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Neural Science,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karl","family":"Deisseroth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hugh T.","family":"Blair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychology Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph E.","family":"LeDoux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Neural Science,"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, and"},{"name":"The Emotional Brain Institute, New York University, New York, NY 10003;"},{"name":"The Emotional Brain Institute at the Nathan S. 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