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We present a detailed study of the toxin\u2013antitoxin module implicated in antibiotic persistence of\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    . We find that bacterial cells become dormant if the toxin level is higher than a threshold, and that the amount by which the threshold is exceeded determines the duration of dormancy. Fluctuations in toxin levels above and below the threshold result in coexistence of dormant and growing cells. We conclude that toxin\u2013antitoxin modules in general represent a mixed network motif that can serve to produce a subpopulation of dormant cells and to supply a mechanism for regulating the frequency and duration of growth arrest. Toxin\u2013antitoxin modules thus provide a natural molecular design for implementing a bet-hedging strategy.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1004333107","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,29]],"date-time":"2010-06-29T00:54:15Z","timestamp":1277772855000},"page":"12541-12546","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":360,"title":["Regulation of phenotypic variability by a threshold-based mechanism underlies bacterial persistence"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"107","author":[{"given":"Eitan","family":"Rotem","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Racah Institute of Physics,"},{"name":"Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adiel","family":"Loinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Racah Institute of 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