{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T14:21:29Z","timestamp":1792074089971,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"43","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Aluminum (Al) is the most abundant metal in the Earth's crust, but its trivalent ionic form is highly toxic to all organisms at low concentrations. How Al enters cells has not been elucidated in any organisms. Herein, we report a transporter, Nrat1 (Nramp aluminum transporter 1), specific for trivalent Al ion in rice. Nrat1 belongs to the Nramp (natural resistance-associated macrophage protein) family, but shares a low similarity with other Nramp members. When expressed in yeast, Nrat1 transports trivalent Al ion, but not other divalent ions, such as manganese, iron, and cadmium, or the Al\u2013citrate complex. Nrat1 is localized at the plasma membranes of all cells of root tips except epidermal cells. Knockout of\n                    <jats:italic>Nrat1<\/jats:italic>\n                    resulted in decreased Al uptake, increased Al binding to cell wall, and enhanced Al sensitivity, but did not affect the tolerance to other metals. Expression of\n                    <jats:italic>Nrat1<\/jats:italic>\n                    is up-regulated by Al in the roots and regulated by a C2H2 zinc finger transcription factor (ART1). We therefore concluded that Nrat1 is a plasma membrane-localized transporter for trivalent Al, which is required for a prior step of final Al detoxification through sequestration of Al into vacuoles.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1004949107","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,11]],"date-time":"2010-10-11T20:53:33Z","timestamp":1286830413000},"page":"18381-18385","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":418,"title":["Plasma membrane-localized transporter for aluminum in rice"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"107","author":[{"given":"Jixing","family":"Xia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naoki","family":"Yamaji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomonari","family":"Kasai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian Feng","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1002\/9783527619634.ch24","volume-title":"Elements and their Compounds in the Environment","author":"Yokel RA","year":"2004","unstructured":"RA Yokel Elements and their Compounds in the Environment, eds MM Anke, M Inhat, M Stoeppler (Wiley-VCH, 2nd Ed, Weinheim), pp. 635\u2013658 (2004).","edition":"2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","first-page":"813","article-title":"The toxicology of aluminum in the brain: A review","volume":"21","author":"Yokel RA","year":"2000","unstructured":"RA Yokel, The toxicology of aluminum in the brain: A review. 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