{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T21:56:14Z","timestamp":1782338174893,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"26","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Here we present data concerning the pattern of dental development derived from the microcomputed tomography (microCT) study of a recently discovered immature hominin mandible with a mixed dentition recovered from the TD6 level of the Gran Dolina Lower Pleistocene cave site in Sierra de Atapuerca, northern Spain. These data confirm our previous results that nearly 1 million years ago at least one European hominin species had a fully modern pattern of dental development with a clear slowdown in the development of the molar field regarding the anterior dental field. Furthermore, using available information about enamel formation times and root extension rates in chimpanzees, early hominins, and modern humans, we have estimated that the formation time of the upper and lower first molars of individual 5 (H5) from TD6, which had just erupted at the time of the death of this individual, ranges between 5.3 and 6.6 y. Therefore, the eruption time of the first permanent molars (M1) in the TD6 hominins was within the range of variation of modern human populations. Because the time of M1 eruption in primates is a robust marker of life history, we suggest, as a working hypothesis, that these hominins had a prolonged childhood in the range of the variation of modern humans. If this hypothesis is true, it implies that the appearance in\n                    <jats:italic>Homo<\/jats:italic>\n                    of this important developmental biological feature and an associated increase in brain size preceded the development of the neocortical areas leading to the cognitive capabilities that are thought to be exclusive to\n                    <jats:italic>Homo sapiens<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1006772107","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,15]],"date-time":"2010-06-15T00:19:00Z","timestamp":1276561140000},"page":"11739-11744","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["New immature hominin fossil from European Lower Pleistocene shows the earliest evidence of a modern human dental development pattern"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"107","author":[{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda","family":"Berm\u00fadez de Castro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n sobre Evoluci\u00f3n Humana, 09002 Burgos, Spain;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Martin\u00f3n-Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n sobre Evoluci\u00f3n Humana, 09002 Burgos, Spain;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leyre","family":"Prado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n sobre Evoluci\u00f3n Humana, 09002 Burgos, Spain;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aida","family":"G\u00f3mez-Robles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n sobre Evoluci\u00f3n Humana, 09002 Burgos, Spain;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jordi","family":"Rosell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Catal\u00e0 de Paleoecologia Humana i Evoluci\u00f3 Social, 43005 Tarragona, Spain; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luc\u00eda","family":"L\u00f3pez-Pol\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Catal\u00e0 de Paleoecologia Humana i Evoluci\u00f3 Social, 43005 Tarragona, Spain; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan Lu\u00eds","family":"Arsuaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Complutense de Madrid-Instituto de Salud Carlos III (UCM-ISCIII), Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n de Evoluci\u00f3n y Comportamiento Humanos, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eudald","family":"Carbonell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Catal\u00e0 de Paleoecologia Humana i Evoluci\u00f3 Social, 43005 Tarragona, Spain; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","first-page":"455","volume-title":"Patterns of Human Growth","author":"Bogin B","year":"1988","unstructured":"B Bogin Patterns of Human Growth (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK), pp. 455 (1988)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1520-6300(1996)8:6<703::AID-AJHB2>3.0.CO;2-U"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8644(1997)25 <63::AID-AJPA3>3.0.CO;2-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1989.tb04266.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jhev.1995.1051"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2008.03.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/317525a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/323327a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0047-2484(87)90076-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/329625a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/335509a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2006.3583"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4020-9980-9_10","volume-title":"The First Humans: Origin and Early Evolution of the Genus Homo","author":"Dean MC","year":"2009","unstructured":"MC Dean, BH Smith The First Humans: Origin and Early Evolution of the Genus Homo, eds FE Grine, JG Fleagle, RE Leakey (Springer, New York), pp. 101\u2013120 (2009)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03014460902956725"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","volume-title":"An Introduction to Human Evolutionary Anatomy","author":"Aiello L","year":"1990","unstructured":"L Aiello, MC Dean An Introduction to Human Evolutionary Anatomy (Academic Press, London, 1990)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0700747104"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/414628a"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0503108102"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","first-page":"567","article-title":"Dental enamel hypoplasia, age at death, and weaning in the Taung child","volume":"101","author":"Lacruz RS","year":"2005","unstructured":"RS Lacruz, F Ramirez Rozzi, TG Bromage, Dental enamel hypoplasia, age at death, and weaning in the Taung child. S Afr J Sci 101, 567\u2013569 (2005).","journal-title":"S Afr J Sci"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05314"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2005.09.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2007.09.021"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8644(199601)99:1<135::AID-AJPA8>3.0.CO;2-#"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jhev.1998.0248"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2008.00867.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330860204"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330940303"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jhev.1999.0326"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2008.02.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.276.5317.1392"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.7.4210"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2006.09.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2007.09.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8644(199808)106:4<425::AID-AJPA2>3.0.CO;2-I"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2006.05.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05047"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2007.04.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000242404"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330130206"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jhev.1993.1027"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jhev.1999.0323"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0706152104"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330330507"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1116"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_2","first-page":"75","article-title":"Fossil hominid teeth form the Sangiran Dome (Java, Indonesia)","volume":"171","author":"Grine FE","year":"1994","unstructured":"FE Grine, JL Franzen, Fossil hominid teeth form the Sangiran Dome (Java, Indonesia). Courier Forschungistitut Senkenberg 171, 75\u2013103 (1994).","journal-title":"Courier Forschungistitut Senkenberg"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-10382-1_2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.an.24.100195.001353"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330860206"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-10382-1_14"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7638598"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X0600906X"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1127\/zma\/72\/1981\/127"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.10318"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.1006772107","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,12]],"date-time":"2022-04-12T19:12:20Z","timestamp":1649790740000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/full\/10.1073\/pnas.1006772107"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,14]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"26","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,29]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.1006772107"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1006772107","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2010-06-14","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}