{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T10:56:24Z","timestamp":1790852184882,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"41","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The metabolic syndrome is a clustering of risk factors of metabolic origin that increase the risk for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. A proposed central event in metabolic syndrome is a decrease in the amount of bioavailable nitric oxide (NO) from endothelial NO synthase (eNOS). Recently, an alternative pathway for NO formation in mammals was described where inorganic nitrate, a supposedly inert NO oxidation product and unwanted dietary constituent, is serially reduced to nitrite and then NO and other bioactive nitrogen oxides. Here we show that several features of metabolic syndrome that develop in eNOS-deficient mice can be reversed by dietary supplementation with sodium nitrate, in amounts similar to those derived from eNOS under normal conditions. In humans, this dose corresponds to a rich intake of vegetables, the dominant dietary nitrate source. Nitrate administration increased tissue and plasma levels of bioactive nitrogen oxides. Moreover, chronic nitrate treatment reduced visceral fat accumulation and circulating levels of triglycerides and reversed the prediabetic phenotype in these animals. In rats, chronic nitrate treatment reduced blood pressure and this effect was also present during NOS inhibition. Our results show that dietary nitrate fuels a nitrate\u2013nitrite\u2013NO pathway that can partly compensate for disturbances in endogenous NO generation from eNOS. These findings may have implications for novel nutrition-based preventive and therapeutic strategies against cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1008872107","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,28]],"date-time":"2010-09-28T00:45:52Z","timestamp":1285634752000},"page":"17716-17720","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":333,"title":["Dietary inorganic nitrate reverses features of metabolic syndrome in endothelial nitric oxide synthase-deficient mice"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"107","author":[{"given":"Mattias","family":"Carlstr\u00f6m","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden;"},{"name":"Department of Medical Cell Biology, Division of Integrative Physiology, Uppsala University, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Filip J.","family":"Larsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Nystr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Science and Education, Division of Internal Medicine, Unit for Diabetes Research, Karolinska Institutet, S\u00f6dersjukhuset, SE-118 83 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Hezel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Borniquel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eddie","family":"Weitzberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jon O.","family":"Lundberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05488"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.52.5.1270"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1160\/TH04-02-0103"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","first-page":"360","article-title":"Clustering of cardiovascular risk factors mimicking the human metabolic syndrome X in eNOS null mice","volume":"133","author":"Cook S","year":"2003","unstructured":"S Cook, et al., Clustering of cardiovascular risk factors mimicking the human metabolic syndrome X in eNOS null mice. 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