{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T02:10:34Z","timestamp":1793326234756,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Individuals with developmental dyslexia vary in their ability to improve reading skills, but the brain basis for improvement remains largely unknown. We performed a prospective, longitudinal study over 2.5 y in children with dyslexia (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 25) or without dyslexia (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 20) to discover whether initial behavioral or brain measures, including functional MRI (fMRI) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), can predict future long-term reading gains in dyslexia. No behavioral measure, including widely used and standardized reading and language tests, reliably predicted future reading gains in dyslexia. Greater right prefrontal activation during a reading task that demanded phonological awareness and right superior longitudinal fasciculus (including arcuate fasciculus) white-matter organization significantly predicted future reading gains in dyslexia. Multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA) of these two brain measures, using linear support vector machine (SVM) and cross-validation, predicted significantly above chance (72% accuracy) which particular child would or would not improve reading skills (behavioral measures were at chance). MVPA of whole-brain activation pattern during phonological processing predicted which children with dyslexia would improve reading skills 2.5 y later with &gt;90% accuracy. These findings identify right prefrontal brain mechanisms that may be critical for reading improvement in dyslexia and that may differ from typical reading development. Brain measures that predict future behavioral outcomes (neuroprognosis) may be more accurate, in some cases, than available behavioral measures.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1008950108","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,20]],"date-time":"2010-12-20T23:23:52Z","timestamp":1292887432000},"page":"361-366","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":427,"title":["Neural systems predicting long-term outcome in dyslexia"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"108","author":[{"given":"Fumiko","family":"Hoeft","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research, and"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94129;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruce D.","family":"McCandliss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37203;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica M.","family":"Black","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research, and"},{"name":"Graduate School of Social Work, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Gantman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nahal","family":"Zakerani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Hulme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of York, York Y010 5DD, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heikki","family":"Lyytinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4, 40351 Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4, Finland;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Whitfield-Gabrieli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gary H.","family":"Glover","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allan L.","family":"Reiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research, and"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94129;"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John D. 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