{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T22:49:14Z","timestamp":1791413354440,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"40","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Antiviral drugs targeting viral proteins often result in prompt selection for resistance. Moreover, the number of viral targets is limited. Novel antiviral targets are therefore needed. The unique characteristics of fusion between virion envelopes and cell membranes may provide such targets. Like all fusing bilayers, viral envelopes locally adopt hourglass-shaped stalks during the initial stages of fusion, a process that requires local negative membrane curvature. Unlike cellular vesicles, however, viral envelopes do not redistribute lipids between leaflets, can only use the energy released by virion proteins, and fuse to the extracellular leaflets of cell membranes. Enrichment in phospholipids with hydrophilic heads larger than their hydrophobic tails in the convex outer leaflet of vesicles favors positive curvature, therefore increasing the activation energy barrier for fusion. Such phospholipids can increase the activation barrier beyond the energy provided by virion proteins, thereby inhibiting viral fusion. However, phospholipids are not pharmacologically useful. We show here that a family of synthetic rigid amphiphiles of shape similar to such phospholipids, RAFIs (rigid amphipathic fusion inhibitors), inhibit the infectivity of several otherwise unrelated enveloped viruses, including hepatitis C and HSV-1 and -2 (lowest apparent IC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    48 nM), with no cytotoxic or cytostatic effects (selectivity index &gt; 3,000) by inhibiting the increased negative curvature required for the initial stages of fusion.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1010026107","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,7]],"date-time":"2010-09-07T22:21:32Z","timestamp":1283898092000},"page":"17339-17344","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":147,"title":["Rigid amphipathic fusion inhibitors, small molecule antiviral compounds against enveloped viruses"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"107","author":[{"given":"Mireille R.","family":"St.Vincent","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Che C.","family":"Colpitts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, and"},{"name":"Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edomonton, AB, Canada T6G 2S2;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexey V.","family":"Ustinov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Muqadas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael A.","family":"Joyce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, and"},{"name":"Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edomonton, AB, Canada T6G 2S2;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicola L.","family":"Barsby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, and"},{"name":"Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edomonton, AB, Canada T6G 2S2;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raquel F.","family":"Epand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University Health Sciences Centre, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8N 3Z5"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard M.","family":"Epand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University Health Sciences Centre, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8N 3Z5"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stanislav A.","family":"Khramyshev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olga A.","family":"Valueva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vladimir A.","family":"Korshun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D. Lorne J.","family":"Tyrrell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, and"},{"name":"Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edomonton, AB, Canada T6G 2S2;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis M.","family":"Schang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry,"},{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, and"},{"name":"Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edomonton, AB, Canada T6G 2S2;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkm159"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61815-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/095632020601700302"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd2485"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08960"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2893.2009.01246.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.1885"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0701478104"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2007.02.042"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt1207-1383"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/095632020601700601"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.20520"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01079-06"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/138161206776361174"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07151"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00254765"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1529\/biophysj.105.078683"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(02)75432-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2005.10.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1074354"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-2736(03)00169-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioelechem.2003.10.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.402030"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00981-08"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4690-5-14"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00249-007-0201-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)37709-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00127a019"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00014a022"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0854.2003.00086.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.150.3.601"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/096876899294733"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.63.1.52-58.1989"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/b516804j"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.17.9352-9365.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0050183"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cbic.200600040"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nchembio.77"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200609176"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1092586"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1153634"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04396"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm1784"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_2","first-page":"290","article-title":"Antiviral activity of some 5-arylethynyl 2\u2032-deoxyuridine derivatives","volume":"29","author":"Andronova VL","year":"2003","unstructured":"VL Andronova, et al., Antiviral activity of some 5-arylethynyl 2\u2032-deoxyuridine derivatives. Bioorg Chem 29, 290\u2013295, (Translated from Russian). (2003).","journal-title":"Bioorg Chem"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1707"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20051069"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0000470"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0909587107"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tet.2005.10.057"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.1010026107","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,12]],"date-time":"2022-04-12T19:33:38Z","timestamp":1649792018000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/full\/10.1073\/pnas.1010026107"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,7]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"40","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.1010026107"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1010026107","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2010-09-07","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}