{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T21:11:21Z","timestamp":1792098681191,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"49","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Humans have an unusual life history, with an early weaning age, long childhood, late first reproduction, short interbirth intervals, and long lifespan. In contrast, great apes wean later, reproduce earlier, and have longer intervals between births. Despite 80 y of speculation, the origins of these developmental patterns in\n                    <jats:italic>Homo sapiens<\/jats:italic>\n                    remain unknown. Because they record daily growth during formation, teeth provide important insights, revealing that australopithecines and early\n                    <jats:italic>Homo<\/jats:italic>\n                    had more rapid ontogenies than recent humans. Dental development in later\n                    <jats:italic>Homo<\/jats:italic>\n                    species has been intensely debated, most notably the issue of whether Neanderthals and\n                    <jats:italic>H. sapiens<\/jats:italic>\n                    differ. Here we apply synchrotron virtual histology to a geographically and temporally diverse sample of Middle Paleolithic juveniles, including Neanderthals, to assess tooth formation and calculate age at death from dental microstructure. We find that most Neanderthal tooth crowns grew more rapidly than modern human teeth, resulting in significantly faster dental maturation. In contrast, Middle Paleolithic\n                    <jats:italic>H. sapiens<\/jats:italic>\n                    juveniles show greater similarity to recent humans. These findings are consistent with recent cranial and molecular evidence for subtle developmental differences between Neanderthals and\n                    <jats:italic>H. sapiens<\/jats:italic>\n                    . When compared with earlier hominin taxa, both Neanderthals and\n                    <jats:italic>H. sapiens<\/jats:italic>\n                    have extended the duration of dental development. This period of dental immaturity is particularly prolonged in modern humans.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1010906107","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,11,15]],"date-time":"2010-11-15T23:15:12Z","timestamp":1289862912000},"page":"20923-20928","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":295,"title":["Dental evidence for ontogenetic differences between modern humans and Neanderthals"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"107","author":[{"given":"Tanya M.","family":"Smith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138;"},{"name":"Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Tafforeau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, BP 220, 38046 Grenoble Cedex, France;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donald J.","family":"Reid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4BW, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joane","family":"Pouech","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;"},{"name":"European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, BP 220, 38046 Grenoble Cedex, France;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincent","family":"Lazzari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;"},{"name":"European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, BP 220, 38046 Grenoble Cedex, France;"},{"name":"International Institute of Paleoprimatology and Human Paleontology: Evolution and Paleoenvironments, Unit\u00e9 Mixte de Recherche Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 6046, Universit\u00e9 de Poitiers, 86022 Poitiers cedex, France;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John P.","family":"Zermeno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debbie","family":"Guatelli-Steinberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony J.","family":"Olejniczak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Almut","family":"Hoffman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Museum f\u00fcr Vor- und Fr\u00fchgeschichte, Schloss Charlottenburg\u2013Langhansbau, D-14059 Berlin, Germany;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jakov","family":"Radov\u010di\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Croatian Natural History Museum, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masrour","family":"Makaremi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, University of Bordeaux II, 33000 Bordeaux, France;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michel","family":"Toussaint","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Direction de l'Archeologie, Service Public de Wallonie, 5100 Namur, Belgium; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Stringer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Palaeontology, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Jacques","family":"Hublin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, 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