{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T23:52:48Z","timestamp":1791244368851,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"43","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    We report a nearly complete lumbar spine from the Middle Pleistocene site of the Sima de los Huesos (SH) that is assigned to the previously published SH male Pelvis 1 [Arsuaga JL, et al. (1999).\n                    <jats:italic>Nature<\/jats:italic>\n                    399: 255\u2013258]. The \u201cSH Pelvis 1 individual\u201d is a unique nearly complete lumbo-pelvic complex from the human Middle Pleistocene fossil record, and offers a rare glimpse into the anatomy and past lifeways of\n                    <jats:italic>Homo heidelbergensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    . A revised reconstruction of Pelvis 1, together with the current fossil evidence, confirms our previous hypothesis that the morphology of this pelvis represents the primitive pattern within the genus\n                    <jats:italic>Homo<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Here we argue that this primitive pattern is also characterized by sexual dimorphism in the pelvic canal shape, implying complicated deliveries. In addition, this individual shows signs of lumbar kyphotic deformity, spondylolisthesis, and Baastrup disease. This suite of lesions would have postural consequences and was most likely painful. As a result, the individual\u2019s daily physical activities would have been restricted to some extent. Reexamination of the age-at-death agrees with this individual being over 45 y old, relying on the modern human pattern of changes of the articular surfaces of the os coxae. The presence of degenerative pathological lesions and the advanced age-at-death of this individual make it the most ancient postcranial evidence of an aged individual in the human fossil record. Additional nonpathological SH lumbo-pelvic remains are consistent with previous hypotheses, suggesting a less-pronounced sagittal spinal curvature in Neandertals compared with\n                    <jats:italic>Homo sapiens<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1012131107","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,11]],"date-time":"2010-10-11T20:53:33Z","timestamp":1286830413000},"page":"18386-18391","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":132,"title":["Middle Pleistocene lower back and pelvis from an aged human individual from the Sima de los Huesos site, Spain"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"107","author":[{"given":"Alejandro","family":"Bonmat\u00ed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Mixto Universidad Complutense de Madrid\u2013Instituto de Salud Carlos III de Evoluci\u00f3n y Comportamiento Humanos, 28029 Madrid, Spain;"},{"name":"Departamento de Paleontolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias Geol\u00f3gicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asier","family":"G\u00f3mez-Olivencia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Mixto Universidad Complutense de Madrid\u2013Instituto de Salud Carlos III de Evoluci\u00f3n y Comportamiento Humanos, 28029 Madrid, Spain;"},{"name":"Leverhulme Centre for Human Evolutionary Studies, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QH, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan-Luis","family":"Arsuaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Mixto Universidad Complutense de Madrid\u2013Instituto de Salud Carlos III de Evoluci\u00f3n y Comportamiento Humanos, 28029 Madrid, Spain;"},{"name":"Departamento de Paleontolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias Geol\u00f3gicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Miguel","family":"Carretero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ciencias Hist\u00f3ricas y Geograf\u00eda, Facultad de Humanidades y Educaci\u00f3n, Universidad de Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Gracia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Mixto Universidad Complutense de Madrid\u2013Instituto de Salud Carlos III de Evoluci\u00f3n y Comportamiento Humanos, 28029 Madrid, Spain;"},{"name":"\u00c1rea de Paleontolog\u00eda, Departamento de Geolog\u00eda, Universidad de Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, 28871 Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, Spain;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ignacio","family":"Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Mixto Universidad Complutense de Madrid\u2013Instituto de Salud Carlos III de Evoluci\u00f3n y Comportamiento Humanos, 28029 Madrid, Spain;"},{"name":"\u00c1rea de Paleontolog\u00eda, Departamento de Geolog\u00eda, Universidad de Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, 28871 Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, Spain;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Lorenzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Mixto Universidad Complutense de Madrid\u2013Instituto de Salud Carlos III de Evoluci\u00f3n y Comportamiento Humanos, 28029 Madrid, Spain;"},{"name":"Institut de Paleoecologia Humana i Evoluci\u00f3 Social, \u00c1rea de Prehistoria, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43005 Tarragona, Spain; 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