{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T21:03:16Z","timestamp":1792098196380,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"46","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,11,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The Mauer mandible, holotype of\n                    <jats:italic>Homo heidelbergensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , was found in 1907 in fluvial sands deposited by the Neckar River 10 km southeast of Heidelberg, Germany. The fossil is an important key to understanding early human occupation of Europe north of the Alps. Given the associated mammal fauna and the geological context, the find layer has been placed in the early Middle Pleistocene, but confirmatory chronometric evidence has hitherto been missing. Here we show that two independent techniques, the combined electron spin resonance\/U-series method used with mammal teeth and infrared radiofluorescence applied to sand grains, date the type-site of\n                    <jats:italic>Homo heidelbergensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    at Mauer to 609 \u00b1 40 ka. This result demonstrates that the mandible is the oldest hominin fossil reported to date from central and northern Europe and raises questions concerning the phyletic relationship of\n                    <jats:italic>Homo heidelbergensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    to more ancient populations documented from southern Europe and in Africa. We address the paleoanthropological significance of the Mauer jaw in light of this dating evidence.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1012722107","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,11,2]],"date-time":"2010-11-02T01:22:00Z","timestamp":1288660920000},"page":"19726-19730","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":172,"title":["Radiometric dating of the type-site for\n                    <i>Homo heidelbergensis<\/i>\n                    at Mauer, Germany"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"107","author":[{"given":"G\u00fcnther A.","family":"Wagner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Geographisches Institut, Universit\u00e4t Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Krbetschek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"S\u00e4chsische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Institut f\u00fcr Angewandte Physik, Technische Universit\u00e4t Bergakademie, D-09596 Freiberg, Germany;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Detlev","family":"Degering","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Verein f\u00fcr Kernverfahrenstechnik und Analytik Rossendorf, D-01314 Dresden, Germany;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Jacques","family":"Bahain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de Pr\u00e9histoire du Mus\u00e9um national d'Histoire naturelle, Unit\u00e9 Mixte de Recherche 7194, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-75013 Paris, France;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingfeng","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de Pr\u00e9histoire du Mus\u00e9um national d'Histoire naturelle, Unit\u00e9 Mixte de Recherche 7194, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-75013 Paris, France;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christophe","family":"Falgu\u00e8res","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de Pr\u00e9histoire du Mus\u00e9um national d'Histoire naturelle, Unit\u00e9 Mixte de Recherche 7194, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-75013 Paris, France;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierre","family":"Voinchet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de Pr\u00e9histoire du Mus\u00e9um national d'Histoire naturelle, Unit\u00e9 Mixte de Recherche 7194, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-75013 Paris, France;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Michel","family":"Dolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Commissariat \u00e0 l'Energie Atomique, Laboratoire d'Int\u00e9gration des Syst\u00e8mes et des Technologies, Laboratoire National Henri Becquerel, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tristan","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Commissariat \u00e0 l'Energie Atomique, Laboratoire d'Int\u00e9gration des Syst\u00e8mes et des Technologies, Laboratoire National Henri Becquerel, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G. Philip","family":"Rightmire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, The Peabody Museum, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","volume-title":"The Mandible of Homo Heidelbergensis from the Sands of Mauer near Heidelberg\u2014A Contribution to the Palaeontology of Man","author":"Schoetensack O","year":"1908","unstructured":"O Schoetensack The Mandible of Homo Heidelbergensis from the Sands of Mauer near Heidelberg\u2014A Contribution to the Palaeontology of Man (Engelmann, Leipzig, (in German). (1908)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","first-page":"101","volume-title":"The Strata of Mauer\u201485 Years Homo erectus heidelbergensis","author":"von Koenigswald W","year":"1992","unstructured":"W von Koenigswald, On the ecology and biostratigraphy of both Pleistocene faunas of Mauer near Heidelberg. The Strata of Mauer\u201485 Years Homo erectus heidelbergensis, eds KW Beinhauer, GA Wagner (Braus, Mannheim), pp. 101\u2013110, (in German). (1992)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","first-page":"124","volume-title":"Homo heidelbergensis of Mauer\u2014The Appearance of Humans in Europe","author":"Wagner GA","year":"1997","unstructured":"GA Wagner, F Fezer, U Hambach, W von Koenigswald, L Z\u00f6ller, The age of Homo heidelbergensis of Mauer. Homo heidelbergensis of Mauer\u2014The Appearance of Humans in Europe, eds GA Wagner, KW Beinhauer (Winter, Heidelberg), pp. 124\u2013143, (in German). (1997)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","article-title":"Mauer\u2014the type site of Homo heidelbergensis: Palaeoenvironment and age","author":"Wagner GA","year":"2010","unstructured":"GA Wagner, LC Maul, M L\u00f6scher, HD Schreiber, Mauer\u2014the type site of Homo heidelbergensis: Palaeoenvironment and age. Quat Sci Rev, 10.1016\/j.quascirev.2010.01.013. (2010).","journal-title":"Quat Sci Rev"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quaint.2004.07.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","first-page":"PA1003","article-title":"A Pliocene-Pleistocene stack of 57 globally distributed benthic \u03b418O records","volume":"20","author":"Liesiecki LE","year":"2005","unstructured":"LE Liesiecki, MEA Raymo, A Pliocene-Pleistocene stack of 57 globally distributed benthic \u03b418O records. Paleoceanography 20, PA1003, 10.1029\/2004PA001071. 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