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At a mesolevel, disease is changing in terms of space and host, which is illustrated by bluetongue, Lyme disease, and West Nile virus, and it is also emerging, as illustrated by highly pathogenic avian influenza and others. Major proximate drivers of change in disease dynamics include ecosystem change, ecosystem incursion, and movements of people and animals; underlying these are demographic change and an increasing demand for livestock products. We identify three trajectories of global disease dynamics: (\n                    <jats:italic>i<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) the worried well in developed countries (demanding less risk while broadening the circle of moral concern), (\n                    <jats:italic>ii<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) the intensifying and market-orientated systems of many developing countries, where highly complex disease patterns create hot spots for disease shifts, and (\n                    <jats:italic>iii<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) the neglected cold spots in poor countries, where rapid change in disease dynamics is less likely but smallholders and pastoralists continue to struggle with largely preventable and curable livestock diseases.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1012953108","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,17]],"date-time":"2011-05-17T00:55:12Z","timestamp":1305593712000},"page":"20871-20877","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":148,"title":["Current drivers and future directions of global livestock disease dynamics"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"110","author":[{"given":"Brian D.","family":"Perry","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, PO Box 437, Gilgil 20116, Kenya;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Delia","family":"Grace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Market Opportunities Theme, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi 00100, Kenya; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keith","family":"Sones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Keith Sones Associates, Nairobi 00502, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","first-page":"21","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Forum on Microbial Threats","author":"Knobler S","year":"2006","unstructured":"S Knobler, A Mahmoud, S Lemon, L Pray, The impact of globalization on infectious disease emergence and control: Exploring the consequences and opportunities. 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