{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T15:40:19Z","timestamp":1793720419637,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"22","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    African bovine trypanosomiasis caused by\n                    <jats:italic>Trypanosoma<\/jats:italic>\n                    sp., is a major constraint on cattle productivity in sub-Saharan Africa. Some African\n                    <jats:italic>Bos taurus<\/jats:italic>\n                    breeds are highly tolerant of infection, but the potentially more productive\n                    <jats:italic>Bos indicus<\/jats:italic>\n                    zebu breeds are much more susceptible. Zebu cattle are well adapted for plowing and haulage, and increasing their tolerance of trypanosomiasis could have a major impact on crop cultivation as well as dairy and beef production. We used three strategies to obtain short lists of candidate genes within QTL that were previously shown to regulate response to infection. We analyzed the transcriptomes of trypanotolerant N'Dama and susceptible Boran cattle after infection with\n                    <jats:italic>Trypanosoma congolense.<\/jats:italic>\n                    We sequenced EST libraries from these two breeds to identify polymorphisms that might underlie previously identified quantitative trait loci (QTL), and we assessed QTL regions and candidate loci for evidence of selective sweeps. The scan of the EST sequences identified a previously undescribed polymorphism in ARHGAP15 in the Bta2 trypanotolerance QTL. The polymorphism affects gene function in vitro and could contribute to the observed differences in expression of the MAPK pathway in vivo. The expression data showed that TLR and MAPK pathways responded to infection, and the former contained TICAM1, which is within a QTL on Bta7. Genetic analyses showed that selective sweeps had occurred at TICAM1 and ARHGAP15 loci in African taurine cattle, making them strong candidates for the genes underlying the QTL. Candidate QTL genes were identified in other QTL by their expression profile and the pathways in which they participate.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1013486108","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,19]],"date-time":"2011-05-19T00:44:34Z","timestamp":1305765874000},"page":"9304-9309","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":88,"title":["Genetic and expression analysis of cattle identifies candidate genes in pathways responding to\n                    <i>Trypanosoma congolense<\/i>\n                    infection"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"108","author":[{"given":"Harry","family":"Noyes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andy","family":"Brass","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science\/Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isaiah","family":"Obara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, Scotland, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan L.","family":"Archibald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, Scotland, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan G.","family":"Bradley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Population Genetics, Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Fisher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science\/Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abigail","family":"Freeman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Population Genetics, Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Gibson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Gicheru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoological Sciences, Kenyatta University, 00100, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurence","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, Scotland, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivier","family":"Hanotte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen","family":"Hulme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science\/Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Declan","family":"McKeever","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology and Infectious Diseases, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield AL9 7TA, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caitriona","family":"Murray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Population Genetics, Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sung Jung","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Association, Suwon 441-706, Korea; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catriona","family":"Tate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, United Kingdom;"},{"name":"School of Computer Science\/Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ken","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology and Infectious Diseases, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield AL9 7TA, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miika","family":"Tapio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Wambugu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science\/Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana J.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZJ, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Morris","family":"Agaba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen J.","family":"Kemp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, United Kingdom;"},{"name":"International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/S0308-521X(98)00086-9","article-title":"Measuring the costs of African animal trypanosomosis, the potential benefits of control and returns to research","volume":"59","author":"Kristjanson PM","year":"1999","unstructured":"PM Kristjanson, BM Swallow, GJ Rowlands, RL Kruska, PN de Leeuw, Measuring the costs of African animal trypanosomosis, the potential benefits of control and returns to research. 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