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We analyzed cell-free DNA circulating in the blood of heart transplant recipients and observed significantly increased levels of cell-free DNA from the donor genome at times when an endomyocardial biopsy independently established the presence of acute cellular rejection in these heart transplant recipients. Our results demonstrate that cell-free DNA can be used to detect an organ-specific signature that correlates with rejection, and this measurement can be made on any combination of donor and recipient. This noninvasive test holds promise for replacing the endomyocardial biopsy in heart transplant recipients and may be applicable to other solid organ transplants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1013924108","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,28]],"date-time":"2011-03-28T22:34:26Z","timestamp":1301351666000},"page":"6229-6234","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":365,"title":["Universal noninvasive detection of solid organ transplant rejection"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"108","author":[{"given":"Thomas M.","family":"Snyder","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Howard Hughes Medical Institute and"},{"name":"Departments of Applied Physics and Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kiran K.","family":"Khush","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah A.","family":"Valantine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen R.","family":"Quake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Howard Hughes Medical Institute and"},{"name":"Departments of Applied Physics and Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","first-page":"63","article-title":"Complications of endomyocardial biopsy in heart transplant patients","volume":"12","author":"Baraldi-Junkins C","year":"1993","unstructured":"C Baraldi-Junkins, et al., Complications of endomyocardial biopsy in heart transplant patients. 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