{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T18:04:52Z","timestamp":1791569092212,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"13","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Phytoalexins constitute a broad category of pathogen- and insect-inducible biochemicals that locally protect plant tissues. Because of their agronomic significance, maize and rice have been extensively investigated for their terpenoid-based defenses, which include insect-inducible monoterpene and sesquiterpene volatiles. Rice also produces a complex array of pathogen-inducible diterpenoid phytoalexins. Despite the demonstration of fungal-induced\n                    <jats:italic>ent<\/jats:italic>\n                    -kaur-15-ene production in maize over 30 y ago, the identity of functionally analogous maize diterpenoid phytoalexins has remained elusive. In response to stem attack by the European corn borer (\n                    <jats:italic>Ostrinia nubilalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and fungi, we observed the induced accumulation of six\n                    <jats:italic>ent<\/jats:italic>\n                    -kaurane\u2013related diterpenoids, collectively termed kauralexins. Isolation and identification of the predominant\n                    <jats:italic>Rhizopus microsporus<\/jats:italic>\n                    -induced metabolites revealed\n                    <jats:italic>ent<\/jats:italic>\n                    -kaur-19-al-17-oic acid and the unique analog\n                    <jats:italic>ent<\/jats:italic>\n                    -kaur-15-en-19-al-17-oic acid, assigned as kauralexins A3 and B3, respectively. Encoding an\n                    <jats:italic>ent<\/jats:italic>\n                    -copalyl diphosphate synthase, fungal-induced\n                    <jats:italic>An2<\/jats:italic>\n                    transcript accumulation precedes highly localized kauralexin production, which can eventually exceed 100 \u03bcg\u00b7g\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    fresh weight. Pharmacological applications of jasmonic acid and ethylene also synergize the induced accumulation of kauralexins. Occurring at elevated levels in the scutella of all inbred lines examined, kauralexins appear ubiquitous in maize. At concentrations as low as 10 \u03bcg\u00b7mL\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    , kauralexin B3 significantly inhibited the growth of the opportunistic necrotroph\n                    <jats:italic>R. microsporus<\/jats:italic>\n                    and the causal agent of anthracnose stalk rot,\n                    <jats:italic>Colletotrichum graminicola<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Kauralexins also exhibited significant\n                    <jats:italic>O. nubilalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    antifeedant activity. Our work establishes the presence of diterpenoid defenses in maize and enables a more detailed analysis of their biosynthetic pathways, regulation, and crop defense function.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1014714108","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,15]],"date-time":"2011-03-15T16:49:42Z","timestamp":1300207782000},"page":"5455-5460","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":257,"title":["Identity, regulation, and activity of inducible diterpenoid phytoalexins in maize"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"108","author":[{"given":"Eric A.","family":"Schmelz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Research Unit, Center of Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Gainesville, FL 32608;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatma","family":"Kaplan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Research Unit, Center of Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Gainesville, FL 32608;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alisa","family":"Huffaker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Research Unit, Center of Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Gainesville, FL 32608;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole J.","family":"Dafoe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Research Unit, Center of Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Gainesville, FL 32608;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martha M.","family":"Vaughan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Research Unit, Center of Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Gainesville, FL 32608;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinzhi","family":"Ni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Crop Genetics and Breeding Research Unit, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Tifton, GA 31793; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James R.","family":"Rocca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Magnetic Resonance and Imaging, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans T.","family":"Alborn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Research Unit, Center of Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Gainesville, FL 32608;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter E.","family":"Teal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Research Unit, Center of Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Gainesville, FL 32608;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.1996.tb04506.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.phyto.43.040204.140251"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022596812049"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1271\/bbb.80044"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2006.08.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","unstructured":"; FAOSTAT Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations [online]. 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