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Concerns also arose about health risks from fallout, because ash can transport acids as well as toxic compounds, such as fluoride, aluminum, and arsenic. Studies on ash are usually made on material collected far from the source, where it could have mixed with other atmospheric particles, or after exposure to water as rain or fog, which would alter surface composition. For this study, a unique set of dry ash samples was collected immediately after the explosive event and compared with fresh ash from a later, more typical eruption. Using nanotechniques, custom-designed for studying natural materials, we explored the physical and chemical nature of the ash to determine if fears about health and safety were justified and we developed a protocol that will serve for assessing risks during a future event. On single particles, we identified the composition of nanometer scale salt coatings and measured the mass of adsorbed salts with picogram resolution. The particles of explosive ash that reached Europe in the jet stream were especially sharp and abrasive over their entire size range, from submillimeter to tens of nanometers. Edges remained sharp even after a couple of weeks of abrasion in stirred water suspensions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1015053108","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,25]],"date-time":"2011-04-25T23:05:55Z","timestamp":1303772755000},"page":"7307-7312","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":189,"title":["Characterization of Eyjafjallaj\u00f6kull volcanic ash particles and a protocol for rapid risk assessment"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"108","author":[{"given":"S. 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