{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T13:05:11Z","timestamp":1791119111041,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Before the anthrax letter attacks of 2001, the developing field of microbial forensics relied on microbial genotyping schemes based on a small portion of a genome sequence. Amerithrax, the investigation into the anthrax letter attacks, applied high-resolution whole-genome sequencing and comparative genomics to identify key genetic features of the letters\u2019\n                    <jats:italic>Bacillus anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n                    Ames strain. During systematic microbiological analysis of the spore material from the letters, we identified a number of morphological variants based on phenotypic characteristics and the ability to sporulate. The genomes of these morphological variants were sequenced and compared with that of the\n                    <jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n                    Ames ancestor, the progenitor of all\n                    <jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n                    Ames strains. Through comparative genomics, we identified four distinct loci with verifiable genetic mutations. Three of the four mutations could be directly linked to sporulation pathways in\n                    <jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n                    and more specifically to the regulation of the phosphorylation state of Spo0F, a key regulatory protein in the initiation of the sporulation cascade, thus linking phenotype to genotype. None of these variant genotypes were identified in single-colony environmental\n                    <jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n                    Ames isolates associated with the investigation. These genotypes were identified only in\n                    <jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n                    morphotypes isolated from the letters, indicating that the variants were not prevalent in the environment, not even the environments associated with the investigation. This study demonstrates the forensic value of systematic microbiological analysis combined with whole-genome sequencing and comparative genomics.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1016657108","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,8]],"date-time":"2011-03-08T07:01:21Z","timestamp":1299567681000},"page":"5027-5032","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":160,"title":["<i>Bacillus anthracis<\/i>\n                    comparative genome analysis in support of the Amerithrax investigation"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"108","author":[{"given":"David A.","family":"Rasko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Genome Sciences, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia L.","family":"Worsham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702-5011;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Terry G.","family":"Abshire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702-5011;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott T.","family":"Stanley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Washington Field Office, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Washington, DC 20535;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason D.","family":"Bannan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Bureau of Investigation Laboratory, Quantico, VA 22134-5163;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark R.","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Bureau of Investigation Laboratory, Quantico, VA 22134-5163;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard J.","family":"Langham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Washington Field Office, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Washington, DC 20535;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. Scott","family":"Decker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Washington Field Office, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Washington, DC 20535;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lingxia","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Genome Sciences, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy D.","family":"Read","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam M.","family":"Phillippy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven 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